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Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths by Karen Armstrong (1997-04-29) Paperback – April 29, 1997
Purchase options and add-ons
- Print length528 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherBallantine Books
- Publication dateApril 29, 1997
- Dimensions6.1 x 1.1 x 9.2 inches
- ISBN-100345391683
- ISBN-13978-0345391681
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Editorial Reviews
From Scientific American
From the Inside Flap
--The Washington Post
Venerated for millennia by three faiths, torn by irreconcilable conflict, conquered, rebuilt, and mourned for again and again, Jerusalem is a sacred city whose very sacredness has engendered terrible tragedy. In this fascinating volume, Karen Armstrong, author of the highly praised A History of God, traces the history of how Jews, Christians, and Muslims have all laid claim to Jerusalem as their holy place, and how three radically different concepts of holiness have shaped and scarred the city for thousands of years.
Armstrong unfolds a complex story of spiritual upheaval and political transformation--from King David's capital to an administrative outpost of the Roman Empire, from the cosmopolitan city sanctified by Christ to the spiritual center conquered and glorified by Muslims, from the gleaming prize of European Crusaders to the bullet-ridden symbol of the present-day Arab-Israeli conflict.
Written with grace and clarity, the product of years of meticulous research, Jerusalem combines the pageant of history with the profundity of searching spiritual analysis. Like Karen Armstrong's A History of God, Jerusalem is a book for the ages.
"THE BEST SERIOUS, ACCESSIBLE HISTORY OF THE MOST SPIRITUALLY IMPORTANT CITY IN THE WORLD."
--The Baltimore Sun
"A WORK OF IMPRESSIVE SWEEP AND GRANDEUR."
--Los Angeles Times Book Review
From the Back Cover
--The Washington Post
Venerated for millennia by three faiths, torn by irreconcilable conflict, conquered, rebuilt, and mourned for again and again, Jerusalem is a sacred city whose very sacredness has engendered terrible tragedy. In this fascinating volume, Karen Armstrong, author of the highly praised A History of God, traces the history of how Jews, Christians, and Muslims have all laid claim to Jerusalem as their holy place, and how three radically different concepts of holiness have shaped and scarred the city for thousands of years.
Armstrong unfolds a complex story of spiritual upheaval and political transformation--from King David's capital to an administrative outpost of the Roman Empire, from the cosmopolitan city sanctified by Christ to the spiritual center conquered and glorified by Muslims, from the gleaming prize of European Crusaders to the bullet-ridden symbol of the present-day Arab-Israeli conflict.
Written with grace and clarity, the product of years of meticulous research, Jerusalem combines the pageant of history with the profundity of searching spiritual analysis. Like Karen Armstrong's A History of God, Jerusalem is a book for the ages.
"THE BEST SERIOUS, ACCESSIBLE HISTORY OF THE MOST SPIRITUALLY IMPORTANT CITY IN THE WORLD."
--The Baltimore Sun
"A WORK OF IMPRESSIVE SWEEP AND GRANDEUR."
--Los Angeles Times Book Review
About the Author
Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
ZION
WE KNOW NOTHING about the people who first settled in the hills and valleys that would eventually become the city of Jerusalem. In tombs on the Ophel hill, to the south of the present walls of the Old City, pottery vessels have been found which have been dated to 3200 BCE. This was the time when towns had begun to appear in other parts of Canaan, the modern Israel; in Megiddo, Jericho, Ai, Lachish, and Beth Shan, for example, archaeologists have unearthed temples, houses, workshops, streets, and water conduits. But there is as yet no conclusive evidence that urban life had begun in Jerusalem at that period. Ironically, the city which would be revered as the center of the world by millions of Jews, Christians, and Muslims was off the beaten track of ancient Canaan. Situated in the highlands, which were difficult to settle, it was outside the hub of the country. Development in the Early Bronze Age was mainly confined to the coastal plain, the fertile Jezreel Valley, and the Negev, where the Egyptians had established trade depots. Canaan was a potentially rich country: its inhabitants exported wine, oil, honey, bitumen, and grain. It also had strategic importance, linking Asia and Africa and providing a bridge between the civilizations of Egypt, Syria, Phoenicia, and Mesopotamia. But even though the springs around the Ophel hill had always attracted hunters, farmers, and temporary settlers—flints and shards have been found there dating from the Paleolithic Age—Jerusalem, as far as we know, played no part in this early florescence.
In the ancient world, civilization was always a precarious achievement. By about 2300 BCE there were virtually no cities left in Canaan. Because of either climatic change, foreign invasion, or internecine warfare, urban life disappeared. It was also a time of upheaval and instability throughout the Near East. Egypt saw the destruction of what is known as the Old Kingdom (c. 2613–2160 BCE). The Akkadian dynasty of Mesopotamia was overthrown by the Amorites, a Western Semitic people who established a capital at Babylon. Urban sites were abandoned throughout Asia Minor, and Ugarit and Byblos, on the Phoenician coast, were destroyed. For reasons that we do not understand, Syria remained unscathed and nearby towns in northern Canaan, such as Megiddo and Beth Shan, managed to survive longer than their southern neighbors. Yet in all these regions the struggle to create an ordered environment where people could lead a more secure and fulfilled life continued. New cities and new dynasties appeared and old settlements were restored. By the beginning of the second millennium the old towns of Canaan were inhabited once more.
We know very little about life in Canaan at this period. No central government developed in the country. Each town was autonomous, having its own ruler and dominating the surrounding countryside, rather as in Mesopotamia, where civilization had begun. Canaan remained an intensely regional country. There was no large-scale trade or industry, and there were such sharp differences of terrain and climate that the various districts tended to remain distinct and cut off from one another. Few people lived in the highlands, the Judaean steppes, or the Jordan Valley, where the river was not navigable and led nowhere. Communications were difficult, and people did not travel much from one part of the country to another. The main road linking Egypt and Damascus went up the coast from Gaza to Jaffa and then cut inland to avoid the swamps around Mount Carmel toward Megiddo, the Jezreel Valley, and the Sea of Galilee. Naturally these regions remained the most densely populated, and it was this area which interested the pharaohs of the Twelfth Dynasty when they began to extend their influence northward toward Syria during the twentieth and nineteenth centuries BCE. Canaan, which the Egyptians called “Retinu,” did not actually become a province of Egypt, but the pharaohs dominated the country politically and economically. Sesostris III, for example, did not hesitate to march up the coastal road to subdue local rulers who were becoming too powerful and independent. Even so, the pharaohs showed relatively little interest in other parts of Canaan, and despite the general Egyptian overlordship, towns such as Megiddo, Hazor, and Acco developed into fortified city-states. By the end of the nineteenth century, settlers had also begun to penetrate the hill country and built cities there. Shechem became the most powerful of these fortified highland towns: in area it may have been as large as thirty-seven acres, and it controlled a considerable part of the countryside. Cities, such as Hebron and Jerusalem, also developed in the southern hills.
This is the point when Jerusalem can be said to have entered history. In 1961 the British archaeologist Kathleen Kenyon discovered a wall, nearly six and a half feet thick, running along the eastern slope of the Ophel hill with a large gate near the Gihon Spring. She concluded that this town wall continued around the southern end of the hill and along the western slope. In the north it disappeared under a later city wall. Kenyon also found pottery between the wall and the rock scarp which dated to about 1800 BCE. The city was most vulnerable in the north, and later the citadel of Zion was built there; it is possible that there was also a fortress in the north of the city during the eighteenth century BCE. The walls were built quite low down the eastern slope of the Ophel, possibly to include access to an underground tunnel to the Gihon Spring.1 The British engineer Charles Warren had discovered this tunnel in 1867: it started at an opening in the rock within the city, descended obliquely, and then plunged vertically to meet the water which had been conveyed from the Gihon by means of another horizontal tunnel. Jugs and pitchers could be lowered down the shaft during a siege. Similar devices have been discovered at Megiddo, Gezer, and Gibeon. Kenyon believed that the shaft was in use during the Bronze Age, but her theory has been disputed: some doubt that the inhabitants would have had the technological skill to build such a system at this stage. But recent geological findings indicate that “Warren’s Shaft,” as it is known, is not entirely man-made; it is a natural sinkhole along a joint in the limestone, which the ancient Jerusalemites could well have modified and enlarged.
Settlers were probably attracted to the Ophel because of its proximity to the Gihon. The site also had strategic advantages, lying at the point where the foothills of the highlands give way to the Judaean desert. The Ophel could not support a large population—the city covered an area of little more than nine acres—but three steep valleys gave the settlers formidable protection: the Kidron Valley to the east, the Valley of Hinnom (or Gehenna) to the south, and the Central Valley, now largely silted up, which the Jewish historian Flavius Josephus called the Tyropoeon Valley, to the west.3 Even though the town was not one of the most important cities of Canaan, it seems to have come to the attention of the Egyptians. In 1925, sherds were bought in Luxor which, when reassembled, made up about eighty dishes and vases inscribed with an ancient hieratic script. When this was deciphered, the texts were found to contain the names of countries, towns, and rulers alleged to be the enemies of Egypt. These vases would then be smashed in a rite of sympathetic magic designed to bring about the downfall of the recalcitrant vassals. The vases have been dated to the reign of Pharaoh Sesostris III (1878–1842 BCE); they include the names of “nineteen Canaanite cities, one of which is “Rushalimum.” This is the first mention of the city in any historical record. The text also names two of its princes, Yq’rm and Shashan. In another of these so-called Execration Texts, thought to have been inscribed a century later, “Rushalimum” is cursed again, but this time the city appears to have only one ruler. From this slender shred of evidence, some scholars have inferred that during the eighteenth century, Jerusalem, like the rest of Canaan, had evolved from a tribal society with a number of chieftains to an urban settlement governed by a single king.
Here we should pause to consider the name of the city. It seems to have incorporated the name of the Syrian god Shalem, who was identified with the setting sun or the evening star. Canaan may have been dominated politically by Egypt, but in cultural and religious affairs the chief influence was Syria. In Hazor, Megiddo, and Shechem, temples of this period have been unearthed that have clearly been built on a Syrian model. They are constructed according to the same basic plan as the king’s palace, underlining the fact that all rule was seen to derive from the gods. The laity were forbidden to enter the Hekhal, or cult hall, just as they were denied access to the king’s presence. They could glimpse the god’s effigy, which was placed in a niche at the end of the hall, from the courtyard, through the open doors of the Hekhal. No Bronze Age temple has been unearthed in Jerusalem, but the city’s name shows that the inhabitants were also open to Syrian religion. The names of the Jerusalem princes in the Execration Texts indicate that, like the people of Syria, the Jerusalemites were of Western Semitic origin and shared the same worldview.
Product details
- Publisher : Ballantine Books; Reprint edition (April 29, 1997)
- Language : English
- Paperback : 528 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0345391683
- ISBN-13 : 978-0345391681
- Item Weight : 1.25 pounds
- Dimensions : 6.1 x 1.1 x 9.2 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #928,115 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #1,048 in History of Judaism
- #1,190 in Israel & Palestine History (Books)
- #1,688 in History of Religions
- Customer Reviews:
About the author

Karen Armstrong is the author of numerous other books on religious affairs-including A History of God, The Battle for God, Holy War, Islam, Buddha, and The Great Transformation-and two memoirs, Through the Narrow Gate and The Spiral Staircase. Her work has been translated into forty-five languages. She has addressed members of the U.S. Congress on three occasions; lectured to policy makers at the U.S. State Department; participated in the World Economic Forum in New York, Jordan, and Davos; addressed the Council on Foreign Relations in Washington and New York; is increasingly invited to speak in Muslim countries; and is now an ambassador for the UN Alliance of Civilizations. In February 2008 she was awarded the TED Prize and is currently working with TED on a major international project to launch and propagate a Charter for Compassion, created online by the general public and crafted by leading thinkers in Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism, to be signed in the fall of 2009 by a thousand religious and secular leaders. She lives in London.
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Customers find the book provides a comprehensive historical spiritual scope, delivering an excellent overview of the holy city's history and influences of various religions. Moreover, the book serves as an important reference work, and customers appreciate its comprehensible writing style.
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Customers appreciate the book's historical context, praising its comprehensive spiritual scope and excellent overview of Jerusalem's history, with one customer noting its detailed chronological survey that satisfies scholars.
"...comprises theology, geography, topography, climatology, civil and ecclesiastical polity, archeology, logography, architecture, agriculture, warfare,..." Read more
"...this subject requires scholarship, research, human insight, deep religious sensibility and honesty. she really delivers a quality work!!!!..." Read more
"...account includes but is not limited to its Jewish, Christian, and Islamic history, much that seems to corroborate the Tanakh, the Old Testament, and..." Read more
"...Great companion to the Bible. Book seller timely delivery book was in great shape" Read more
Customers find the book readable and worth reading for information, describing it as an important reference work.
"...knows her material and is a very talented storyteller......telling an objective story with no religious favorites.....and able to question scripture..." Read more
"...as well as the insight into the various religions, cultures, and practices valuable to further the understanding of how this city became a holy city..." Read more
"...Very readable and complete, worth adding to your library if you can take it for what it's worth and balance the information with other sources." Read more
"...She absolutely loved it! She said it's thorough, well-written and interesting format...." Read more
Customers appreciate the pacing of the book, finding it comprehensible and well-written, with one customer noting it can be read at leisure in small sections.
"...Karen Armstrong's writing style is accessible for average readers while preserving academic integrity...." Read more
"...major faiths that occupied it throughout history and today are comprehensibly written and paint a vivid picture of the amazing holy city and some of..." Read more
"...Very readable and complete, worth adding to your library if you can take it for what it's worth and balance the information with other sources." Read more
"...She absolutely loved it! She said it's thorough, well-written and interesting format...." Read more
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A Comprehensive Historical Spiritual Scope of a Grand Opus
Top reviews from the United States
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- Reviewed in the United States on December 13, 2016Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths is the most comprehensive ancient to contemporary work on Jerusalem in modern libraries. Karen Armstrong's writing style is accessible for average readers while preserving academic integrity. Armstrong's work guides the reader through all of the tribes that have occupied this small piece of earth's geography, beginning with the ancient civilizations of the Akkadians, through the Israelites, Christians, and Muslims, and all of the pagan societies in between. The historical substance comprises theology, geography, topography, climatology, civil and ecclesiastical polity, archeology, logography, architecture, agriculture, warfare, and commerce. More than just another historical rendition, the breadth of the work is one that connects the timeline with real struggle in and over this holy place. Armstrong's perspective is uniquely informed through her Catholic heritage and her active participation with Jewish and Muslim communities. Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths tells the story of the sacredness of this place, from the three perspectives of the world's primary monotheist religions definition of "holy". The reader walks away with a sense of the whole story, instead of fragments gathered through opinions, rumors, and news reports that are incomprehensible without the fuller scope of theological archaeology. The sense of sacredness these three religions ascribe to this place come from the same species seeking something more divine than what is attainable within themselves. It is in this story that we find the Creator frustrated perhaps with the confounding process of humans being human while trying to be holy. It is a juxtaposing journey that Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths brings clarity and rouses contemplation.
5.0 out of 5 starsJerusalem: One City, Three Faiths is the most comprehensive ancient to contemporary work on Jerusalem in modern libraries. Karen Armstrong's writing style is accessible for average readers while preserving academic integrity. Armstrong's work guides the reader through all of the tribes that have occupied this small piece of earth's geography, beginning with the ancient civilizations of the Akkadians, through the Israelites, Christians, and Muslims, and all of the pagan societies in between. The historical substance comprises theology, geography, topography, climatology, civil and ecclesiastical polity, archeology, logography, architecture, agriculture, warfare, and commerce. More than just another historical rendition, the breadth of the work is one that connects the timeline with real struggle in and over this holy place. Armstrong's perspective is uniquely informed through her Catholic heritage and her active participation with Jewish and Muslim communities. Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths tells the story of the sacredness of this place, from the three perspectives of the world's primary monotheist religions definition of "holy". The reader walks away with a sense of the whole story, instead of fragments gathered through opinions, rumors, and news reports that are incomprehensible without the fuller scope of theological archaeology. The sense of sacredness these three religions ascribe to this place come from the same species seeking something more divine than what is attainable within themselves. It is in this story that we find the Creator frustrated perhaps with the confounding process of humans being human while trying to be holy. It is a juxtaposing journey that Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths brings clarity and rouses contemplation.A Comprehensive Historical Spiritual Scope of a Grand Opus
Reviewed in the United States on December 13, 2016
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- Reviewed in the United States on October 29, 2014this is the second book i have read of karen armstrongs and the second book on jerusalem.
she knows her material and is a very talented storyteller......telling an objective story with no religious favorites.....and able to question scripture or myth for all 3
she frames the ancient world with greek social platform and roman government as it seemed to be back then.......and most important......she is able to tell a tale about the search for god and "religion" as the backdrop for history......
her sequential maps of jerusalem are very helpful for the reader to try and understand the physical realities of the tale.....
i would highly recommend this book as the 'greatest story ever told'......among all the other 'greatest stories ever told'.........
this subject requires scholarship, research, human insight, deep religious sensibility and honesty. she really delivers a quality work!!!!
I learned a lot.......great work!!!!
- Reviewed in the United States on November 25, 2014Karen Armstrong’s “Jerusalem: One City, Three Faiths” is a succinct historical portrayal of the city from its earliest know origins to the conclusion of her writing in 1996. Easily readable, the book captures the attention of the reader with the city in history, before it became Jerusalem. The historical account includes but is not limited to its Jewish, Christian, and Islamic history, much that seems to corroborate the Tanakh, the Old Testament, and the writings of Islam.
It was interesting to learn of how the city, considered holy to many different religions and empires over the years, changed hands and was destroyed and rebuilt so often throughout the ages. Armstrong paints a clear picture of what the city was like when it was first made into the capital city known as Jerusalem including the role of David, the Jewish King of ancient BCE, had in building up and establishing the city as a center of government and religion. Even then, the city was diverse in its religious population and managed to have different sects and cults live among one another in the city. For the first time, under David’s rule, did a physical place become something ‘sacred’ to the Jewish nation. Under Solomon, David’s son and heir to the throne, the city was further built up and experienced a time of prosperity and harmony.
Yet, as history proves for Jerusalem, success is often the precursor to downfall. The city was conquered by another empire and devastation of the city ensued. This pattern continued throughout history, as Armstrong makes clear in her book. The city continued to change hands between Israeli and Judean leadership as well as foreign rule. Because of this pattern, many different nations and religions came to settle Jerusalem over the years and have managed to either hold fast in the face of war and new rule or, in many cases, to resettle and reestablish themselves during times of transition.
Knowing a little about Judaism and even less about Islam, I found Armstrong’s exposition of their history in Jerusalem as well as the insight into the various religions, cultures, and practices valuable to further the understanding of how this city became a holy city to all.
In the latter half of the book, dealing with the Crusades and beyond, I began to see a thread of discontentment with Christianity, constantly painting it in negative light and criticizing its people as not portraying the scripture and lifestyle they preached and taught. While I have no doubt this was the case in many of the historical accounts of wars and governing leaders, I found it to be a bit over-critical of Christianity as a whole. Armstrong also narrowed her representation of Christian sects in the holy city throughout the 20th century, limiting her writings to mainly Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox accounts, excluding Protestants completely. After more in-depth look at author Karen Armstrong, one finds her cynicism of Christianity to be part of her history: a once-Catholic sister, Armstrong left the convent. One can deduce her well-versed understanding of Christian history and scripture as well as her separation from sisterhood bears on her writing.
Still, the history of the city Jerusalem and the major faiths that occupied it throughout history and today are comprehensibly written and paint a vivid picture of the amazing holy city and some of its representative faiths. An enthralling book that kept me reading, I would suggest it to anyone with a love of history, faith, or geography, especially those who have a special place in their heart for Jerusalem.
- Reviewed in the United States on August 25, 2024Read this book. Learned much about the 3 major faiths of the west and the history surrounding it. Great companion to the Bible.
Book seller timely delivery book was in great shape
Top reviews from other countries
- Zofta TUFAILReviewed in France on January 22, 2021
5.0 out of 5 stars Jerusalem history
Very informative. A must-read along with Al-Quds history, religion and politics
Zofta TUFAILJerusalem history
Reviewed in France on January 22, 2021
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- S.M.ALI🚀Reviewed in India on January 8, 2016
5.0 out of 5 stars Five Stars
Best book to know much about all problems facing these 3 monotheistic religions through power politics of few humans.
- CJ CraigReviewed in the United Kingdom on May 13, 2011
5.0 out of 5 stars Brilliant!!!
I became aware of this book while reading Simon Sebag Montifiore's Jerusalem: The Biography, which I highly recommend. In his preface he praises Armstrong's book. It is clear why he does so. Karen Armstrong has given the reader a thorough and highly intelligent history of the three monotheistic faiths that find the roots of their faith in Jerusalem. She does so with the utmost clarity and, I think, impartiality. Her scholarship is detailed and her writing flows, carrying the reader carefully through the centuries of peace and war in this very unique city. A solid foundation for any serious scholar or casual reader in religious history, a particular faith or the history of Jerusalem.
- Amazon CustomerReviewed in Canada on August 16, 2017
5.0 out of 5 stars Five Stars
excellent book about the history of the 3 most important faiths base on the facts, not the dogmas.
-
necdetReviewed in Turkey on March 27, 2024
5.0 out of 5 stars Karen Armstrong'un dinler konusundaki kitapları.
Neredeyse bütün din tahlilleri mükemmel derecede; çok rahat okunur ve anlaşılır; Din konusunda bu kadar objektif eser ve yazar çok zor bulunur.