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The Sacred Band: Three Hundred Theban Lovers Fighting to Save Greek Freedom Hardcover – June 8, 2021
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The story of the Sacred Band, an elite 300-man corps recruited from pairs of lovers, highlights a chaotic era of ancient Greek history, four decades marked by battles, ideological disputes, and the rise of vicious strongmen. At stake was freedom, democracy, and the fate of Thebes, at this time the leading power of the Greek world.
The tale begins in 379 BC, with a group of Theban patriots sneaking into occupied Thebes. Disguised in women’s clothing, they cut down the agents of Sparta, the state that had cowed much of Greece with its military might. To counter the Spartans, this group of patriots would form the Sacred Band, a corps whose history plays out against a backdrop of Theban democracy, of desperate power struggles between leading city-states, and the new prominence of eros, sexual love, in Greek public life.
After four decades without a defeat, the Sacred Band was annihilated by the forces of Philip II of Macedon and his son Alexander in the Battle of Chaeronea—extinguishing Greek liberty for two thousand years. Buried on the battlefield where they fell, they were rediscovered in 1880—some skeletons still in pairs, with arms linked together.
From violent combat in city streets to massive clashes on open ground, from ruthless tyrants to bold women who held their era in thrall, The Sacred Band recounts “in fluent, accessible prose” (The Wall Street Journal) the twists and turns of a crucial historical moment: the end of the treasured freedom of ancient Greece.
- Print length320 pages
- LanguageEnglish
- PublisherScribner
- Publication dateJune 8, 2021
- Dimensions5.5 x 1 x 8.38 inches
- ISBN-101501198017
- ISBN-13978-1501198014
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Editorial Reviews
Review
—The New York Times, New & Noteworthy
"[Romm] deftly pieces the story together ... Mr. Romm negotiates artfully in fluent, accessible prose. But he really comes into his own when describing the Sacred Band’s dramatic and elegiac end."
—Wall Street Journal
"An impressive achievement ... Romm illustrates how fantasies about the Sacred Band have captivated different ages ... [Thebes], late to emerge onto the Greek political scene, dreamed big; just not big enough."
—Times Literary Supplement
"Romm’s book not only details the history of the Sacred Band, but illuminates this murky and murderously internecine period of Greek history ... Romm has an eye for interesting characters—such as the sociopathic tyrant Jason of Pherae, who made his spear into a god."
—The American Scholar
"The Sacred Band of Thebes was founded to protect the Boeotian League, the federation of cities that Thebes led. The band was the first professional standing army funded by the state in Greek history ... it was founded on the principle that men so intimately devoted to one another would fight as a cohesive unit ... This fascinating period of Greek history is the subject of classicist James Romm’s new book The Sacred Band."
—Humanities: The Magazine of the National Endowment for the Humanities
"A vivid portrait of ancient Thebes ... A spirited, informative classical history from an expert on the subject."
—Kirkus
"In this excellent work, Romm ... convincingly argues that Thebes was as important as Athens and Sparta during the last century of its history ... Excellent vignettes of contemporary non-Thebans (particularly Xenophon, an Athenian student of Socrates who was an unabashed partisan for Sparta) enhance the narrative ... [The Sacred Band] is highly recommended and will appeal to fans of Thebes, by Paul Cartledge, as well as readers of LGBTQ+ history."
—Library Journal
"Romm lucidly describes the era’s complex power struggles and explains how the pro-Sparta bias of Xenophon, who wrote the only surviving contemporaneous account of “the era of Theban greatness,” has colored modern perceptions of Thebes. This is an eye-opening and immersive portrait of a little-known aspect of ancient history."
—Publishers Weekly
"Striking ... [a] fascinating unit."
—Booklist
"Lively and captivating ... this first full-length popular account dedicated to the “Sacred Band” performs a vital and overdue service: for classical history buffs, for readers interested in gay history and culture, and for anyone who appreciates a fascinating story, grippingly told."
—Daniel Mendelsohn, author of An Odyssey: A Father, a Son, and an Epic
"Bound by love, virtue, and valor, the Sacred Band of Thebes fought for Greek freedom and democracy, for more than a generation in a turbulent era ended by Macedonian conquest in 338 BC. James Romm has delved deep into the history and even the archaeology of this famous, little-understood corps of 300 lover-companions. The result is an exhilarating story of eros and power."
—Adrienne Mayor, author of Gods and Robots and The Amazons
"There are several famous 300s in human history but few deserve to be commemorated as does the Sacred Band of the ancient Greek city of Thebes — as James Romm, already very well known as a reviewer, translator, commentator and Herodotus expert, so amply demonstrates in this splendid, pioneering, indeed loving book."
—Paul Cartledge, author of Thebes: The Forgotten City of Ancient Greece
"Using contemporary language and interpreting through an enlightened sensibility, James Romm brings energy and relevance to an epic chapter of ancient history."
—Mary Norris, author of Greek to Me: Adventures of the Comma Queen
"James Romm has written a wonderfully readable book about one of the most fascinating and least known stories from the ancient world. Beginning with the Theban rebellion throwing off Spartan control to the destruction of the city by Alexander the Great, the tale of the rise and fall of Theban freedom resonates even today."
—Philip Freeman, author of Alexander the Great
"An immersive and deeply atmospheric story of strength and power – a power founded, above anything else, on love and belief. I can think of 300 reasons to recommend this book."
—Daisy Dunn, author of The Shadow of Vesuvius: A Life of Pliny
About the Author
Product details
- Publisher : Scribner (June 8, 2021)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 320 pages
- ISBN-10 : 1501198017
- ISBN-13 : 978-1501198014
- Item Weight : 15.3 ounces
- Dimensions : 5.5 x 1 x 8.38 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #275,700 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #249 in Ancient Greek History (Books)
- #349 in LGBTQ+ Demographic Studies
- #537 in Military Strategy History (Books)
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Romm deftly weaves together the entire panorama of fourth-century Greek culture and politics, creating the context and background for understanding the institution of the Sacred Band. Here Romm officiates not as a professor, or as a classicist, but as a storyteller. His tale, told with warmth, humor, and erudition, pulls together the many and varied sources into one coherent whole. The interplay of political forces, Theban, Spartan, Athenian, Persian, and so forth, rolls from his pen as a captivating story. The personalities of the men and women of the time he brings skilfully to life, each with its own vivid flavor of honor, depravity, pathos, or courage. The work can serve as an introduction to Ancient Greek history, one that will whet the appetite of any undergraduate who has even a smidgen of intellectual curiosity.
Notable also is the delicate way Romm tiptoes through the minefield of Greek pederasty. Cross it he must, since he is documenting an institution that is nothing if not pederastic. To that end, he resorts to the same subterfuge other writers have employed in order to publish on such a sulphurous topic in our day: He tones it down. Romm cloaks the ecumenical, organic eros of the Greeks in the garb of modern homosexuality and avoids peeking underneath the shared blankets. We thus read that, far from loving beardless boys, “Spartan soldiers, even kings, felt desire for other men.” (!) (p.72) Then, the relationship between Lysander and Agesilaus is presented as one between a youth in his “teens” and a young man in his twenties. Is the reader supposed to think that they were nineteen and twenty-one? But wasn’t Agesilaus closer to being in his twelfth year? That would make him eleven by modern counting.
Philip of Macedon’s thought-provoking utterance at Chaeronea, upon beholding the massacred Sacred Band, is enigmatically glossed as springing from his being “moved by the lovers embracing in death,” (!?) (p. 242) and Philip’s assassination by his spurned eromenos Pausanias is recast as carried out by “an aggrieved cadet.” (p. 247)
Romm’s failure to mine for meaning Philip’s words, and Philip’s murder, is a missed opportunity for a fuller understanding of the nature of the relationship between the lovers and beloveds of the Band, and of the way they were regarded by the public. Philip’s somber malediction, “May they come to an evil end, any who suppose these to have done or suffered anything shameful,” forces a number of conclusions regarding the Band and the public perception of them. That Philip should lay a curse on those who would disparage the Band tells us that many did indeed condemn the three hundred for their alleged doings. It also tells us that the most stinging accusation against the members of the Band was that they were doing shameful things with each other. If such facts do not merit exploration in a book dedicated to the history of the Sacred Band, what does?
Philip's words either exonerate the three hundred warriors from slanderous allusions of sexual penetration, or exonerate the act itself as being nothing shameful. More is the pity that Romm did not look more closely at Philip’s assassination. In choosing between these two alternatives, the details of that assassination present us with valuable contemporary context. Philip’s killing was carried out by Pausanias, a young Macedonian determined to avenge himself for having been subjected to multiple acts of retaliatory sexual penetration. However, those violations were not inflicted by the same court aristocrats who were out to humiliate Pausanias. Presumably so as not to soil themselves by engaging in an act deemed base, they commanded their low-class servants to perform the deed. Romm avoids such an investigation. Whose derrière is he covering and why?
Finally, in a non-sequitur footnote, Romm cautions the reader that “...paiderastia, the Greek term for an erotic bond between males of unequal ages, must be distinguished from our pederasty; the Greek word does not imply that a child was involved.” (p. 66) Such a disclaimer, one which rings as if penned under duress, dictated verbatim by his editor at Scribner, is probably de rigueur these days if one wants to write about the Greeks and be published by a major publisher. It also explains why, in a work about Theban warriors and their eromenoi, there is no trace of Plutarch’s sine qua non contribution to the discussion, namely that in Thebes lovers gifted their beloveds a military panoply when the boys came of age. (Moralia 9.761). Romm has no choice but to leave out Plutarch’s revelation that the fundamental dynamic of the amorous bonds at the heart of the Sacred Band was a love affair between an adult and a boy who was not yet of age, a love that metamorphosed into a friendship between an older and a younger soldier, even as the boy metamorphosed into a man.
Romm should not be overly blamed for “adulterating” the facts so as to speak to a modern readership in their own language. His goal is to make accessible the world of the Sacred Band. In order to make it accessible, he labors to render it palatable to moderns. We could call his recipe, “antiquity lite.” His remit is not to impose on the general reader the alien concept of an ancient eros that did not segregate the lovers of boys from the lovers of women but rather embraced both loves as universal. There is wisdom, as well as pragmatism, in his choice to not joust with modern gender politics, a futile and self-defeating proposition. Inevitably, what is lost, beside accuracy, is the opportunity for the reader to reflect on the question of which lifestyle is the more alien one, the Greek or the modern? The erosion of truth is lamentable, but at the same time it is impossible not to sympathize with Romm, whose choice of topic places him in a dilemma: he is damned if he is truthful, and damned if he lies.
It must also be noted that Romm, presumably from a desire to stick to every-day terminology in his retelling of history, occasionally slips into awkward anachronisms. What else to call his many references to Anatolia as “Turkey?” We thus read that “the Spartans [...] fought the Persians in Turkey.” (sic) (p. 72) Do we really need to legitimize Turkish imperialism in a book about the ancient Greeks? Such phrasing is embarrassing to read, and may well startle any Greeks, Armenians, Kurds, Cypriotes, or Smyrniotes in Romm’s audience. As it did this Romanian reviewer who has an axe to grind, as his own grandfather’s grandfather spent his early years as a hostage at the Ottoman Porte.
In closing, I can’t help thinking about the distress that many Classicists feel these days at the increasing number of schools that are reducing or eliminating Classics courses, or entire departments. Such actions are no doubt driven by a growing impression of the irrelevance of ancient history to the man in the street. We who study the field know that antiquity is anything but irrelevant. The study of the ancients illuminates our understanding of the present as nothing else can. To the extent that we succumb to the pressure to present the ancients as “just like us,” we rob the reader of whatever perspective that he or she might have gained. It is precisely that loss of insight that renders the study of the ancients irrelevant. “The fault, dear Classicists . . .”
The author’s strength is that he is a marvelous storyteller who brings events that happened over 2,300 years ago to life as if you are experiencing them yourself. The historical figures spring off the page. Much of the action centers on the two great Theban leaders, Epaminondas and Pelopidas, and their Spartan nemesis King Agesilaus. The book is further populated with other fascinating figures such as the Persian Great King Artaxerxes, the tyrants Dionysius of Syracuse and Alexander of Pherae, and philosopher turned general turned historian Xenophon. The author even includes a few short story gems such as the tale of the stunningly beautiful Thespian woman Phryne whose skinny-dip in the waters of the Aegean Sea inspired sculptors and artists across the ages. And coursing throughout the narrative is the Sacred Band, the Theban military unit that spearheaded an assault that tore apart a Spartan army at the Battle of Leuctra in 371 B.C. Sparta was never the same after the thrashing they got on that day.
The reason I have demoted the rating from five stars to four is the author’s incessant discussions regarding male “eros”, a Greek word referring to both physical and spiritual love. Ancient sources tell us that the Sacred Band was composed of 150 male couples. By stationing these pairs side by side in the ranks, the Theban leaders believed that they would fight with more resolve than any other soldiers because of the shame of acting cowardly in the presence of their companion. They would fight ferociously for each other. As it turned out, the Sacred Band was renowned for its military prowess and became the “go to” strike force when the Thebans needed to break up an enemy’s army. The author develops this further with multiple discussions of same-sex eros not only in the cultures of ancient Greece, but how the Sacred Band was interpreted or provided inspiration in more modern times. However, these sideline discussions become tiresome and distracting after a while. I bought this book to travel back in time to a “forgotten” era of Greek history, not to learn about Walt Whitman’s poems and sexual preference.
This is but a minor gripe. “The Sacred Band” is a successful book that, in its best moments, becomes a real page turner. The drawings included of the skeletons of the members of the Sacred Band in their mass grave, done when the site was excavated in 1880, are very poignant. Each one represents a soldier, now nameless, who gave his life in 338 B.C. when their unit was wiped out by the army of Phillip of Macedon at the Battle of Chaeronea. People with only a limited knowledge of ancient history are familiar with the 300 Spartans and their last stand at the Battle of Thermopylae. One cannot help but admire the heroism of another band of 300 who stood and fought to the last man at Chaeronea while the rest of their army collapsed. This new book by James Romm helps give them their just recognition.