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Pre-Reformation Church Altar
Image by David Hawgood

Pre-Reformation Church Altar

A church altar from Jacobstow Church, Cornwall, England. During the English Reformation and reign of Edward VI of England (r. 1547-53 CE), the altar, like many others, was removed to be replaced by a communion table.
Johann Eck
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Johann Eck

Johann Eck (l. 1486-1543) was a Catholic theologian and writer best known for his disputations with Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546) beginning in 1517 and continuing until his death in 1543. Eck maintained the position that, if anyone could determine...
The Protestant Reformation: Crash Course
Video by CrashCourse

The Protestant Reformation: Crash Course

You may have noticed that the internet is terrible at religious discourse. Well, this is not a new phenomenon. In the early 16th Century CE, the Roman Catholic church dominated Christianity in Europe, and the institution was starting to show...
William Tyndale
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

William Tyndale

William Tyndale (l.c. 1494-1536) was a talented English linguist, scholar and priest who was the first to translate the Bible into English. Tyndale objected to the Catholic Church’s control of scripture in Latin and the prohibition against...
Andreas Karlstadt
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Andreas Karlstadt

Andreas Karlstadt (also given as Carlstadt, l. 1486-1541) was a reformer, theologian, and early supporter of Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546) in the movement that became known as the Protestant Reformation. Karlstadt was one of Luther's most...
Two Accounts of Zwingli's Death
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Two Accounts of Zwingli's Death

Huldrych Zwingli (l. 1484-1531) died in the second of the Kappel Wars in 1531, a conflict between Catholic and Protestant forces. Afterwards, two accounts of his death emerged – one Catholic and one Protestant – differing in detail and notable...
Argula von Grumbach's To the University of Ingolstadt
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Argula von Grumbach's To the University of Ingolstadt

To the University of Ingolstadt (1523) is an open letter by the German reformer Argula von Grumbach (l. 1490 to c. 1564) protesting the dismissal, arrest, and imprisonment of the young scholar Arsacius Seehofer (l. c. 1504 to c. 1539) for...
The English Reformation: AP Euro Bit by Bit #16
Video by Paul Sargent

The English Reformation: AP Euro Bit by Bit #16

Yes, that's right. AP Euro Bit by Bit is back for a second season! I'm picking up with the English Reformation. While most of the Reformation happened because of doctrinal differences with the Roman Catholic Church, England's Reformation...
The Catholic Counter-Reformation (AP Euro Review)
Video by Tom Richey

The Catholic Counter-Reformation (AP Euro Review)

SWERVE, MARTIN LUTHER! Mr. Richey explains the key elements of the Catholic Counter-Reformation, including the Council of Trent, the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), and Teresa of Avila. This lecture was designed specifically for students preparing...
Catholic Counter-Reformation: Crash Course European History #9
Video by CrashCourse

Catholic Counter-Reformation: Crash Course European History #9

When the Protestant Reformation broke out in Western Europe, the Catholic Church got the message, at least a little bit. Pope Paul III called a council to look into reforming some aspects of the Catholic Church and try to stem the tide of...
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