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John André
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

John André

Major John André (1750-1780) was a British military officer who served in the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783). He is best known for negotiating with the American turncoat Benedict Arnold, who offered to hand over the stronghold of...
The Philosophy of Cynicism - William D. Desmond
Video by TED-Ed

The Philosophy of Cynicism - William D. Desmond

Explore the ancient Greek philosophy of cynicism, which calls for the rejection of materialism and conformity in favor of a simple life. — In the 4th century BCE, a young Diogenes of Sinope was found to be counterfeiting coins. He...
Hipparchia of Maroneia
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Hipparchia of Maroneia

Hipparchia of Maroneia (l. c. 350-280 BCE) was a Cynic philosopher who rejected her upper-class life to live her beliefs and share her values on the streets of ancient Athens. She was the wife of the Cynic Crates of Thebes (l. c. 360-280...
Crates of Thebes
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Crates of Thebes

Crates of Thebes (l. c. 360-280 BCE) was one of the most important Cynic philosophers of ancient Greece. He was born to a wealthy family in Thebes but gave away his inheritance after realizing the futility of material possessions. He then...
Grace O'Malley
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Grace O'Malley

Grace O'Malley (l. c. 1530-1603) was an Irish chieftain and seafarer who became famous as a pirate and rebel during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England (1558-1603) who was trying to increase her control of Irish lands. O'Malley's exploits...
Cats in the Middle Ages
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Cats in the Middle Ages

Cats in the Middle Ages were generally disapproved of, regarded as, at best, useful pests and, at worst, agents of Satan, owing to the medieval Church and its association of the cat with evil. Prior to the widespread acceptance of Christianity...
Interrelations of Kerma and Pharaonic Egypt
Article by P. DeMola

Interrelations of Kerma and Pharaonic Egypt

The vacillating nature of Ancient Egypt's associations with the Kingdom of Kerma may be described as one of expansion and contraction; a virtual tug-of-war between rival cultures. Structural changes in Egypt's administration led to alternating...
Ancient Egyptian Architecture
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Ancient Egyptian Architecture

Ancient Egyptian architecture is often associated closely with the pyramids of Giza but was actually quite diverse, taking a number of forms in the construction of administrative buildings, temples, tombs, palaces, and the private homes of...
Buddha Teaching the Shakyas
Image by Desmond R. Lobo

Buddha Teaching the Shakyas

Buddha's sermon to the Shakya clan after the miracle of Kapilavastu, Northern Gateway, Stupa 1, Sanchi.
Cats in the Ancient World
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Cats in the Ancient World

Cats and humans have shared in each other's lives for thousands of years and, even though they have not always been regarded as highly as in the present, have played an important role in a number of cultures. Always enigmatic, the cat has...
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