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Definition
Islamic Caliphates
Caliphate (“Khilafat” in Arabic) was a semi-religious political system of governance in Islam, in which the territories of the Islamic empire in the Middle East and North Africa and the people within were ruled by a supreme leader called...

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Map of the East Indies and Southeast Asia
An 1801 map of the East Indies and Southeast Asia ( Singapore, Borneo, Sumatra, Java, Philippines).

Definition
Asia Minor
Ancient Asia Minor is a geographic region located in the south-western part of Asia comprising most of present-day Turkey. The earliest reference to the region comes from tablets of the Akkadian Dynasty (2334-2083 BCE) where it was known...

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Wyndclyffe Estate, Southeast View
Wyndclyffe Estate, home of Elizabeth Schermerhorn Jones (l. 1810-1876), the New York socialite who commissioned the building in 1853 and is thought to have inspired the phrase "keeping up with the Joneses", a reference to trying to match...

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View of the Severan Bridge from the Southeast
The Severan Bridge (also known as Cendere Bridge) is a Roman bridge located near the ancient city of Arsameia (today Eskikale), 55 km (34 miles) north east of Adıyaman in southeastern Turkey. It was built by the Sixteenth Roman legion stationed...

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2013 image of labelled wine jars in first Tel Kabri wine cellar towards the southeast
An image of the wine pithos at Tel Kabri's Area D-West in situ during the 2013 excavation. The pithos were excavated out after the photo and this storage room is now covered over for conservation purposes. For purposes of the excavation...

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Islamic Conquests in the 7th-9th Centuries
A map illustrating the rise and expansion of early Islamic caliphates from the Prophet Muhammad until the 9th century.

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Expansion of Early Islamic Caliphates
This map shows the expansion of the Islamic Caliphates in the 7th and 8th Centuries CE: 1. Dark Shade: Expansion under the Prophet Muhammad, 622-632 CE. 2. Medium Shade: Expansion under the Rashidun Caliphate, 632-661 CE. 3. Light Shade...

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Rashidun-era Islamic Coin
Islamic coin of Arab-Sasanian origin. From Bishapur, Persia. Made c. 651-661 CE, during the Rashidun Caliphate. Left: Sasanian style bust imitating Kosrau II (r. 590-628 CE). Right: Fire altar with ribbons and attendants, star and crescent...

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Islamic Depiction of Cain and Abel
Cain burying his brother Abel, illustration from an Islamic illuminated manuscript of the Stories of the Prophets, 11th century CE. Cain and Abel were sons of the first humans Adam and Eve in the biblical Book of Genesis. Cain was a farmer...