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Definition
Napoleon's Italian Campaign
The Italian campaign of 1796-1797, waged by a young Napoleon Bonaparte, was a decisive campaign in the French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802). It led to the defeat of Austria, the beginning of French control of northern Italy, and the end...

Article
Saladin & the Unification of the Muslim Front: 1169-1187 CE
Saladin (c. 1137 – 1193 CE), the Muslim ruler who crushed the mighty Crusader army at the Horns of Hattin (1187 CE) and re-took Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader control, was born in a world where the disunity of the Muslims had allowed...

Video
Italian & German Unification: Crash Course
So, we haven't talked much about Italy and Germany so far in Crash Course Euro, and that's because prior to the mid-19th Century CE, those two nation-states weren't really a thing. Today we'll look at how Italy and Germany pulled it together...

Definition
Narmer
Narmer (c. 3150 BCE) was the first king of Egypt who unified the country peacefully at the beginning of the First Dynastic Period (c. 3150 - 2613 BCE). He has also, however, been cited as the last king of the Predynastic Period (c. 6000 -...

Definition
Operation Compass
Operation Compass (9 Dec 1940 to 7 Feb 1941) was an Allied offensive in North Africa, which pushed Italian forces out of Egypt and then Cyrenaica (Eastern Libya). The Allied Western Desert Force, led by Lieutenant-General Richard O'Connor...

Definition
Early Dynastic Period In Egypt
The Early Dynastic Period in Egypt (c. 3150 - c. 2613 BCE) is the beginning of the historical era of the country during which the regions of Upper Egypt (south) and Lower Egypt (north) were united as one country under a centralized government...

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The Unification of Egypt
The formation of the first nation-state of the ancient world through the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt.

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General Bonaparte Accepting Prisoners in the Italian Campaign, 1797
Taking prisoners in Napoleon's Italian Campaign, 1797, oil on canvas by Nicolas-Antoine Taunay, c. 1801-1824.
Palace of Versailles.

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Italian Penninsula
Principal areas of the Italian penninsula and its vincinity up to the Second Punic War (218 BC).

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General Napoleon Bonaparte during his Italian Campaign 1796-97
General Napoleon Bonaparte as commander-in-chief of the Army of Italy, 1796-97. Painting by Edouard Detaille, 1907.