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Definition
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) was a Swiss philosopher whose work both praised and criticised the Enlightenment movement. Although a believer in the power of reason, science, and the arts, Rousseau was convinced that a flourishing culture...

Definition
Jacques Necker
Jacques Necker (l. 1732-1804) was a Swiss banker and statesman who served as finance minister to King Louis XVI of France (r. 1774-1792). He served in the king's ministry three separate times, tasked with navigating France through its dire...

Definition
Jacques-Pierre Brissot
Jacques-Pierre Brissot de Warville (1754-1793) was a French journalist, abolitionist, and politician who played a prominent role in the French Revolution (1789-1799). A leader of the Girondins, a moderate political faction, Brissot was instrumental...

Definition
Jacques Offenbach
Jacques Offenbach (1819-1880) was a composer of German birth who took French citizenship and became famous in Paris for his comic operettas, a genre he created, and for the more serious opera, The Tales of Hoffmann. A virtuoso cellist, conductor...

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Jacques-Pierre Brissot de Warville
Portrait of French revolutionary leader Jacques-Pierre Brissot de Warville (1754-1793), painting by Jean-Baptiste Fouquet, c. 1792.
Palace of Versailles.

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau Portrait
A pastel portrait by Maurice Quentin de La Tour of the Swiss philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778). (Musée Antoine-Lécuyer, Saint-Quentin, France)

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Coalbrookdale by Night by Philippe Jacques de Loutherbourg
An 1801 oil on canvas painting, Coalbrookdale by Night, by Philippe Jacques de Loutherbourg. The scene captures the Bedlam furnaces at Coalbrookdale in Shropshire, England. (Science Museum, London)

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1766
A 1766 oil on canvas portrait by Allan Ramsay of the Swiss philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778). (Scottish National Gallery, Edinburgh)

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Jacques Cathelineau
Portrait of Jacques Cathelineau (1759-1793), generalissimo of the Catholic and Royal Army during the War in the Vendee (1793-1796). Also known as the "Saint of Anjou", Cathelineau liked to lead his men from the front, a habit that cost him...

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Jacques Cartier a Hochelaga
A watercolour from 1933 showing Jacques Cartier visiting the village of Hochelaga on 3 October 1535. Hochelaga was an Iroquoian fortified village located on or near Mount Royal in present-day Montreal, Quebec. Arriving in 1535, Cartier was...