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The Thousand-bomber Raid on Cologne in 1942
Cologne (Köln) was the first German city to experience a "1,000-bomber raid" by the Royal Air Force during the Second World War (1939-45). The attack took place on the night of 30 May 1942 and was planned as a demonstration of the destruction...
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Ancient Persian Culture
Ancient Persian culture flourished between the reign of Cyrus II (The Great, r. c. 550-530 BCE), founder of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, and the fall of the Sassanian Empire in 651 CE. Even so, the foundations of Persian culture were already...
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Retreat of the Ten Thousand, Battle of Cunaxa
"Retreat of the Ten-Thousand" (French: "Épisode de la retraite des Dix-Mille"), 1842 CE. The painting depicts the retreat of Cyrus the Younger's Greek mercenaries after the Battle of Cunaxa in 401 BCE. Painted by the French artist Jean-Adrien...
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Map of Persia and the March of the Ten Thousand
A map of Persia, indicating major settlements, regions, and mountain ranges, as well as the march of the Ten Thousand (dotted line). The Ten Thousand were a group of mercenary units, mainly Greek, drawn up by Cyrus the Younger to attempt...
Definition
Persian Literature
Persian literature differs from the common definition of “literature” in that it is not confined to lyrical compositions, to poetry or imaginative prose, because the central elements of these appear, to greater or lesser degrees, in all the...
Definition
Persian Immortals
The Ten Thousand Immortals were the elite force of the Persian army of the Achaemenid Empire (c. 550-330 BCE). They formed the king's personal bodyguard and were also considered the shock troops of the infantry in Persian warfare. They are...
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Weighing the Heart, Book of the Dead
Weighing of the heart scene, with en:Ammit sitting, from the book of the dead of Hunefer.
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Copy of the Heart Sutra
A Sanskrit manuscript copy of the Heart Sutra at the Bibliothèque Nationale de France.
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Ancient Persian Art and Architecture
Persian art and architecture in the present day is associated with the nation of Iran and usually designated as beginning with the Achaemenid Empire (c. 550-330 BCE) but has an even longer history with its origins dating back to before the...
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Martyr's Mirror
Martyr's Mirror, German edition printed by Ephrata in Pennsylvania in 1784.