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Article
Trail of Tears: Memorial and Protest of the Cherokee Nation by John Ross
The Trail of Tears was the forced relocation of the "Five Civilized Tribes" – Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee Creek, and Seminole – from their ancestral lands in the Southeastern region of the United States to "Indian Territory" (modern-day...

Article
Origin Tales of the Penobscot Nation
The Penobscot are a Native American nation of the modern-day State of Maine, also recognized as a First Nation of Canada. Along with the Abenaki, Mi'kmaq, Passamaquoddy, and Wolastoqiyik, they form the Wabanaki Confederacy. Their origin tales...

Article
Coyote Tales of the Shasta Nation
The Coyote tales come from the Shasta people who originally inhabited the regions of modern-day northern California and southern Oregon. Coyote is a popular trickster figure among many Native peoples of North America, including the Shasta...

Definition
State of Nature
The state of nature is an idea which became especially popular with certain philosophers during the Enlightenment, notably Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679), John Locke (1632-1704), and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778). It refers to a state of existence...

Article
France’s 1905 Law of Separation of Church and State
The 1905 Law of Separation of Church and State was enacted as the climax of decades of conflict between monarchists and anticlerical Republicans who viewed Christianity as a permanent obstacle to the social development of the Republic. The...

Article
The Dreyfus Affair & the Separation of Church and State in France
The Dreyfus Affair, or L'Affaire as it has become known, demonstrated the competing forces at work to either reestablish the monarchy and the Church in power or to solidify and advance the unfulfilled ideals of the 1789 French Revolution...

Image
Chief Kicking Bear of the Oglala Lakota Sioux Nation
Chief Kicking Bear (l. 1845-1904) of the Oglala Lakota Sioux Nation in 1891; photo taken while he was a prisoner at Fort Sheridan, Illinois. Kicking Bear is credited by some scholars with creating the ghost shirt used during the Ghost Dance...

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Glooscap Monument, Millbrook First Nation, Nova Scotia
Glooscap monument, Millbrook First Nation, Nova Scotia.
Photograph by Madereugeneandrew, 2019.

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Chief Buffalo Bulls Back Fat of the Kainai Nation
Chief Buffalo Bulls Back Fat (Stu-mick-o-súcks) of the Blood Indians of the Kainai nation of the Blackfoot Confederacy. Oil on canvas by George Catlin, 1832.
Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington D.C.

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Flag of the Cherokee Nation
Flag of the Cherokee nation, containing the Great Seal of that nation. Image by Hosmich, 2013.