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Definition
Kievan Rus
Kievan Rus (862-1242) was a medieval political federation located in modern-day Belarus, Ukraine, and part of Russia (the latter named for the Rus, a Scandinavian people). The name Kievan Rus is a modern-day (19th century) designation but...

Article
Trade & Warfare in the Kievan Rus
Scandinavians from the island of Gotland began to spread throughout the Baltic region along the Russian rivers in the 700s. While the Vikings of Norway and Denmark from the 8th to 11th centuries are widely recognized as fearsome raiders and...

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Gold Phiale from the Panagyurishte Treasure
Gold phiale (shallow bowl) from the Panagyurishte treasure, early 3rd century BCE. National Historical Museum - Sofia/Plovdiv Archaeological Museum Photography: Oleg Konstantinov, Plovdiv Regional Historical Museum, Bulgaria (used with...

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Amphora-Rhyton from the Panagyurishte Treasure, Archaeological Museum - Plovdiv
Gold amphora-rhyton from the Panagyurishte treasure.
Early 3rd century BCE. Archaeological Museum - Plovdiv.
Photo: Oleg Konstantinov.

Definition
Leo VI
Leo VI was emperor of the Byzantine empire from 886-912 CE. He was the second emperor of the Macedonian dynasty and is sometimes known as “Leo the Wise” in reference to his prolific literary output which ranged from orations to law codes...

Article
Ten Legendary Female Viking Warriors
In 2017 CE, Uppsala University archaeologist Charlotte Hedenstierna-Jonson published her study of a Viking grave discovered in Birka, Sweden in the 1800's CE which she and her team had revisited. She claimed that what was formerly understood...

Book Review
Inventing the Way of the Samurai: Nationalism, Internationalism, and Bushidō in Modern Japan (The Past & Present Book Series)
Japan is known for many different things, but one popular image associated with the country is that of the ‘samurai’. Especially, many people admire the idea of the ‘samurai spirit’ encapsulated in the concept of ‘bushido’ – the ‘way of the...

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Valens Aqueduct, Constantinople
A remaining section of the aqueduct built by Emperor Valens in the 4th century CE in Constantinople.

Book Review
The Forty-Seven Rōnin: The Vendetta in History
The story of the forty-seven samurai is a well-known tale not only in Japan but also around the world. There are many different versions but the plot always revolves around a group of warriors carrying out a vendetta in order to get revenge...

3D Image
Tower of London - 3D View
The White Tower of the Tower of London castle is the oldest structure of the complex, first built 1078-1110 CE by William the Conqueror.