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Marcus Aurelius: Philosopher Emperor or Philosopher-King?
Article by Steven Umbrello

Marcus Aurelius: Philosopher Emperor or Philosopher-King?

Co-authored by Steven Umbrello and Tina Forsee It is very common to hear in both academic circles, as well as more close-knit Stoic circles, Marcus Aurelius (121 – 180 CE) being referred to as the philosopher king. This is not an idea...
Archelaus (Philosopher)
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Archelaus (Philosopher)

Archelaus of Athens (l. c. 5th century BCE) was a Pre-Socratic philosopher in ancient Greece who claimed the first cause of existence was the opposition of cold and heat which caused the separation of the universal essence to produce a plurality...
Marcus Aurelius: Plato's Philosopher King
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Marcus Aurelius: Plato's Philosopher King

Plato's concept of the Philosopher-King (one who governs according to philosophical precepts and higher truths) is thought to be best exemplified through the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (r. 161-180 CE), the last of the Five Good...
Hipparchia the Cynic: Devoted Wife, Mother, & Outspoken Greek Philosopher
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Hipparchia the Cynic: Devoted Wife, Mother, & Outspoken Greek Philosopher

Cynic philosopher, wife of Crates of Thebes (l. c. 360 – 280 BCE), and mother of his children, Hipparchia of Maroneia (l. c. 350 – 280 BCE) defied social norms in order to live her beliefs. She is all the more impressive in that she taught...
Xenophanes the Visionary Poet Philosopher
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Xenophanes the Visionary Poet Philosopher

Xenophanes of Colophon (l.c. 570-c.478 BCE) is known as one of the Pre-Socratic philosophers of ancient Greece, so-called because they pre-date Socrates (l. c. 470/469-399 BCE), recognized as the Father of Western Philosophy. The Pre-Socratics...
Marcus Aurelius: The Philosopher & Emperor of the Roman Empire
Video by Kelly Macquire

Marcus Aurelius: The Philosopher & Emperor of the Roman Empire

Marcus Aurelius (r. 161 to 180 CE) was a Roman emperor best known as the last of the Five Good Emperors of Rome (following Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, and Antoninus Pius) and as the author of the philosophical work Meditations. Although it has...
Head of a Philosopher, Brundisium
Image by Mark Cartwright

Head of a Philosopher, Brundisium

The bronze head of a Greek philosopher. 4th century BCE, Brundisium, southern Italy. (Archaeological Museum of Brindisi, Italy)
Marble Head of a Greek Philosopher
Image by Zde

Marble Head of a Greek Philosopher

Marble head of a philosopher, early Roman copy (2nd century BCE) of a bronze Greek original from the 4th century BCE. Archaeological Museum of Corfu.
Philosopher, Byzantine Mosaic
Image by Hagia Sophia Research Team

Philosopher, Byzantine Mosaic

A philosopher sitting on a rock. Byzantine Mosaic, Period: Early Byzantine, circa: 6th century CE. Place: Constantinople, (Modern Istanbul, Turkey). Great Palace Mosaic Museum, Istanbul, Turkey. The Great Palace Mosaic Museum was inaugurated...
Bust of a Philosopher or Monk from Gedikpaşa
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Bust of a Philosopher or Monk from Gedikpaşa

This marble bust depicts either a philosopher or a monk. Late 4th to early 5th century CE. From Gedikpaşa, Fatih, Istanbul, in modern-day Turkey. (Museum of Archaeology, Istanbul, Turley).
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