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Pope Boniface VIII
Pope Boniface VIII (served 1294-1303 CE). Statue by Arnolfo di Cambio, c. 1298 CE.
Museo dell'Opera, Florence.
Definition
Saint Boniface
Saint Boniface (born as Wynfreth, l. 672-754) is one of the most famous saints in the Netherlands. He helped Pope Gregory II (r. 715-731), who was keen to convert pagan Germanic tribes, to achieve his goal, the Christianization of Europe...
Definition
Pope Joan
Pope Joan was a legendary female pope of the Middle Ages said to have reigned from 855 to 858. After her story was popularized by Italian writer Giovanni Boccaccio (1313-1375), a statue of her was placed alongside those of other popes at...
Definition
Matilda of Tuscany
Matilda of Canossa (c. 1046-1115), the Countess of Tuscany (r. 1055-1115) and Vice-Queen of Italy (r. 1111-1115), was the final head of the noble House of Canossa following the deaths of her father in 1052 and her elder brother in 1055. One...
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Unam Sanctam: Spiritual Authority & the Medieval Church
The Unam Sanctam (1302) was a papal bull issued by Pope Boniface VIII (served 1294-1303) requiring the complete submission of all people, including kings, to the authority and dictates of the pope. As the Church was understood as holding...
Definition
Henry VIII of England
Henry VIII of England ruled as king from 1509 to 1547. The second Tudor king after his father Henry VII of England (r. 1485-1509), Henry had inherited a kingdom which enjoyed both unity and sound finances. Famous for his six wives as he searched...
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Boniface VIII
Pope Boniface VIII (served 1294-1303 CE). Fresco by Giotto di Bondone, c. 1300 CE. Archbasilica of St. John in Lateran.
Definition
Vandals
The Vandals were a Germanic tribe who are first mentioned in Roman history in the Natural History of Pliny the Elder (77 CE). The Roman historian Tacitus also mentions them in his Germania (c. 98 CE), though he also refers to them as the...
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The Six Wives of Henry VIII
In his search to secure the continuation of the Tudor line, Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE) married an incredible six times. Some marriages were the result of passion while others were arranged for political reasons. One divorce caused...
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The Murder of Boniface
The oldest known depiction of the murder of St. Boniface, from a manufactured sacramentarium around 975 CE in Fulda. Gottingen, Universitätsbibliothek Hs. 231, f. 87R. From: Algemene Geschiedenis van de Nederlanden I (Haarlem 1981), image...
