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Definition
Mandate of Heaven
The Mandate of Heaven (Tianming), also known as Heaven's Mandate, was the divine source of authority and the right to rule of China's early kings and then emperors. The ancient god or divine force known as Heaven or Sky selected a particular...

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Mao Oasis, Chad
The Mao oasis in Chad, Africa, site of the ancient Kingdom of Kanem (9-14th century CE).

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Mao's Garden at the Great Wall of China
Mao's Garden at the Great Wall of China. The reflecting pool in the center represents eternity while the flowers in bloom around it symbolize people's lives on earth which appear to make the world beautiful and then fade and die and are replaced...

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King Wen of Zhou
An idealised portrait of King Wen of Zhou (11th century BCE), the first Chinese ruler to claim the Mandate of Heaven. Ming Period illustration.

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Emperor Wen of Wei
A portrait of Chinese Emperor Wen of Wei (507-551 CE). 7th century CE Scroll of Thirteen Emperors. (Boston Museum of Fine Arts, USA)

Definition
Thomas Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826) was an American lawyer, statesman, philosopher, and a Founding Father of the United States. A prominent figure of the American Revolution, he wrote the Declaration of Independence and later served as the first...

Definition
Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty (202 BCE - 220 CE) was the second dynasty of Imperial China (the era of centralized, dynastic government, 221 BCE - 1912 CE) which established the paradigm for all succeeding dynasties up through 1912 CE. It succeeded the...

Definition
Sui Dynasty
The Sui Dynasty (581-618 CE) was a brief one with only two reigning emperors but it managed to unify China following the split of the Northern and Southern Dynasties period. As had happened previously in Chinese history, a short-lived dynasty...

Definition
Chinese Literature
Chinese literature is among the most imaginative and interesting in the world. The precision of the language results in perfectly realized images whether in poetry or prose and, as with all great literature, the themes are timeless. The Chinese...

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The Art of War
The Art of War (Sunzi bingfa) is a 5th-century BCE military treatise written by the Chinese strategist Sun-Tzu (aka Sunzi or Sun Wu). Covering all aspects of warfare, it seeks to advise commanders on how to prepare, mobilise, attack, defend...