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Tower of London
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Tower of London

The Tower of London is a castle located in London alongside the River Thames which was first built by William the Conqueror from c. 1077 and significantly added to over the centuries. Often referred to in England as simply 'the Tower', it...
Roman Siege Warfare
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Roman Siege Warfare

In ancient warfare open battles were the preferred mode of meeting the enemy, but sometimes, when defenders took a stand within their well-fortified city or military camp, siege warfare became a necessity, despite its high expense in money...
Castle Keep
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Castle Keep

The keep, located within a courtyard and surrounded by a curtain wall, was the heart of a medieval castle. The hall keep was a low building while the tower keep or donjon could have three or more floors and be topped by turrets and battlements...
Siege Warfare in Medieval Europe
Article by Mark Cartwright

Siege Warfare in Medieval Europe

Siege tactics were a crucial part of medieval warfare, especially from the 11th century CE when castles became more widespread in Europe and sieges outnumbered pitched battles. Castles and fortified cities offered protection to both the local...
Kremlin
Definition by Liana Miate

Kremlin

The Kremlin is a fortified complex located in the centre of Moscow, Russia, which is made up of towers, high walls, palaces, and cathedrals. Construction of the Kremlin began as early as the 12th century. As one of Russia's most famous landmarks...
Tower of the Winds
Article by Mark Cartwright

Tower of the Winds

The Tower of the Winds, also known as the Clock of Andronicus Cyrrhestes, is a timekeeping tower on the eastern side of the Roman agora of Athens. Built in the 2nd century BCE, it once had nine sundials and contained a large water clock...
An Illustrated Glossary of Castle Architecture
Article by Mark Cartwright

An Illustrated Glossary of Castle Architecture

Alure (Wall Walk) The walkway along the higher and interior part of a wall which often gives access to the higher floors of towers within the wall. Typically protected by battlements. Apse A semicircular projecting part of a building...
St, Thomas' Tower, Tower of London
Image by Chris

St, Thomas' Tower, Tower of London

St. Thomas' Tower and the Traitor's Gate as seen from the Thames. St. Thomas' Tower was added to the Tower of London by Edward I (r. 1272-1307 CE), its construction lasted from 1275 - 1279.
The White Tower, the Tower of London
Image by Frerk Meyer

The White Tower, the Tower of London

The White Tower of the Tower of London castle, first built c. 1077-1110 CE by William the Conqueror.
Siege of Boston
Article by Harrison W. Mark

Siege of Boston

The Siege of Boston (19 April 1775 to 17 March 1776) was the first major military operation of the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783). After the first shots were fired at the Battles of Lexington and Concord, American colonial militias...
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