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Terracotta Female Figurines from the Ubaid Period
The decoration on both lizard-headed female figurines might well represent tattoos or jewelery. The one on the right side appears to breastfeed an infant. Such figurines were probably made for ritual purposes. Ubaid period, 5200-4200 BCE...

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Terracotta Cow Figurine from Ubaid period
This terracotta figurine represents a cow and dates back to the Ubaid period, 4th millennium BCE, Mesopotamia, Iraq. (The Sulaimaniya Museum, Iraq).

Definition
Sumer
Sumer was the southernmost region of ancient Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq and Kuwait) which is generally considered the cradle of civilization. The name comes from Akkadian, the language of the north of Mesopotamia, and means “land of the...

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Gold Horn from Tell Al-Ubaid
This horn is filled with bitumen and would originally have been attached to a bull's head. On the Temple's facade, there was probably extensive use of gold, bu this is the only piece to survive. Early Dynastic Period, 2500 BCE. From the Temple...

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Map of Ubaid Culture
A map showing the extension of Ubaid Culture, ca. 5900 to 4300 BCE.

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Sumerians Milking Scene from Tell al-'Ubaid
This scene is part of a long one depicting Sumerians milking cows and preparing dairy products. The scene once decorated a frieze on the facade of the Temple of Ninhursag at Tell al-'Ubaid, in modern-day Dhi Qar Governorate, Iraq. Early Dynastic...

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Cow from Tell al-'Ubaid
This recumbent cow once decorated the facade of the Temple of Ninhursag at Tell al-'Ubaid, in modern-day Dhi Qar Governorate, Iraq. Early Dynastic period, 2800-2600 BCE. On display at the Iraq Museum in Baghdad, Republic of Iraq.

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Prancing Bull from Tell al-Ubaid
This plaque of Sumerian decoration was probably used for wooden items, such as furniture or fine musical instrument. From Tell al-Ubaid, Southern Mesopotamia, modern-day Iraq. Early Dynastic Period, 2600-2500 BCE. (The British Museum, London...

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Late Ubaid Pottery
Pottery bowl decorated with geometric designs in dark paint. Complete and handmade. 5200-4200 BCE. From Ur (city-Archaic), Southern Mesopotamia, modern-day Iraq. (The British Museum, London)

Definition
Mesopotamian Art and Architecture
Ancient Mesopotamian art and architectural works are among the oldest in the world, dating back over 7,000 years. The works first appear in northern Mesopotamia prior to the Ubaid Period (c. 5000-4100 BCE) and then developed in the south...