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The large dimensions of the components, the presence of a propteron, an adyton, and other specific elements of the plan and elevation speak for an originally very autonomous development of Sicilian architecture. The large quantities of available and easy-to-work-with building materials at the sites of Syracuse, Megara Hyblaea, and Selinunte enabled the establishment of the first generation of stone temples in Sicily; the metropoleis were still busy with the process of becoming a city (polis) and had not formed monumental architecture yet. In the 6th century BCE the eastern Sicilian colonies were at the forefront of structural developments on the island and had predetermined the tendencies for their later development. The oldest stone buildings in these poleis – the Temple of Apollo, that of Olympian Zeus in Syracuse, some remains of buildings from Megara Hyblaea, and the remains of the Temple Y in Selinunte were thus intended from the outset as monumental.
The Peristasis
Peristasis (gr. Περίστασις) is a four-sided porch or hall of columns surrounding the cella. Temples with such halls of columns, called peripteros (pl. peripteroi), were widespread in the western Greek world from very early on. The western peripteroi were often much more valuable and abundant than the ones in the mother cities. Very characteristic of the earliest peripteral temples in Sicily is the extension of the hall on the front side (propteron), which probably its origins in the ionic Dipteroi (temples with double colonnades). Most likely the peristasis was built chronologically before the cella, although the structure of the cella decided the number of columns. The late binding of the front of the cella to the front of the peristasis had a strong effect on the overall proportions of the building.
The Corner Conflict in the Doric Architectural Order
Not less important is the relation between the plan and the triglyphon (triglyph and metope as a unit). The regularly alternating triglyphs and metopes in the frieze were accented through strong colours and played a very important role in addition to other proportions. The rhythm that results from the sequence of columns and intercolumniations repeats in the frieze so that one triglyph is always located at the central axis of the column and one in intercolumniation. Therefore, the ratio of column thickness and intercolumniation reflects the ratio of the width of the triglyphs and metopes in the frieze. If the intercolumniation equals the metope width at the end of the frieze, an irregularity arises (corner conflict): the last triglyph was not cantered with the corresponding column. Ancient Greeks were very sensitive to this. A harmonic solution of this irregularity was achieved by the reduction (contraction) of the last intercolumniation on the long side of the temple. This type of solution was preferred in the eastern Greek world and was also held in Italy and Sicily but rather unfavourably. In fact, we find no archaic temple in Sicily that has this simple corner contraction. Either the sensitivity for regularity and symmetry in this early period was not yet developed, or this solution was not understood by Sicilian architects. The later Doric buildings in Sicily have a double contraction, which mitigates the forced irregularities in the frieze by changing the width, not only of the last intercolumniation, but also of the one following it. This solution of the Doric conflict has been implemented in many different ways in different times and places and on diverse buildings. At the end of the archaic period, it goes against the striving for rational regularity of the construction and for equal intercolumniations.
In the early Sicilian temples, it is noticeable that the spaces between the columns on the narrow and long sides have all different sizes. This applies to the Temple of Apollo and the one of Zeus Olympios in Syracuse as well as Temple C in Selinunte. On temples from the late archaic period like F and G in Selinunte, this difference is already much smaller. It is important to note that this is not an intended differentiation in favour of the solution of the corner conflict, but a lack of regularity which is normal for this early period.
Other characteristics in the plan of earlier Doric temples in Sicily can be found in the arrangement of the internal construction. The archaic cella consists of a pronaos (entrance hall), usually in antis, and a naos (the inner structure of a temple, cella). The adyton is a small place at the back of the hall where the cult statue for a temple was often kept, and it remains typical for the early phase of temple architecture in Sicily. The lack of the back hall and the presence of the propteron are two elements that give the temple front more weight and detach the whole construction of the idea of universalism and symmetry.
These are only the general lines of development that can be observed in Sicily during the archaic period.
Apollonion (Syracuse, 600/575 BCE)
Columns Proportion
6 x 17
Stylobate
21.57 x 55.36 m
Intercolumn.
Long side (LS)
Front side (FS)
Middle Intercolumn.(MI)
LS – 3.33 m
FS – 3.90 m
MI – 4.15 m
Corner Contraction
none
Propteron
2 interc. deep;
wide MI
Cella width x Length
11.77 m x 37.2 m
Pronaos/Cella Front
2 in antis
Arrangement of Inner Columns
double colonnade
Adyton or Opisthodom
Adyton
Column Height
7.98 m
Lower Diameter
2.05 m
Lower D x Column Height
1 : 3
Architrave Height
2.15 m
D : Intercolumn.
7 : 8
7 : 10
Frieze Proportion
Triglyph Width : Metope Width
No consideration
Corner conflict in frieze
No consideration
Foot/Ell*
49-50 cm = 1 E
Olympieion (Syracuse, 560 BCE)
Columns Proportion
6 x 17
Stylobate
22.04 x 62.02 m
Intercolumn.
Long side (LS)
Front side (FS)
Middle Intercolumn.(MI)
Almost equal
Corner Contraction
none
Propteron
2 interc. deep
Normal MI
Cella width x Length
-
Pronaos/Cella Front
2 in antis
Arrangement of Inner Columns
none
Adyton or Opisthodom
Adyton
Column Height
c. 8 m
Lower Diameter
1.84 m
Lower D x Column Height
1 : 4,3
Architrave Height
-
D : Intercolumn.
-
Frieze Proportion
Triglyph Width : Metope Width
With consideration
Corner conflict in frieze
-
Foot/Ell*
-
Temple C (Selinunte, 560/550 BCE)
Temple C, Selinus
Mark Cartwright (CC BY-NC-SA)
Columns Proportion
6 x 17
Stylobate
23.93 x 63.76 m
Intercolumn.
Long side (LS)
Front side (FS)
Middle Intercolumn.(MI)
LS – 3.86 m avg.
FS – 4.41 m avg.
In gradation on the east front
Corner Contraction
none
Propteron
2 interc. Deep
Normal MI
Cella width x Length
10.40 x 40.89 m
almost 1 : 4 / 20:80 ell
Pronaos/Cella Front
antae
Arrangement of Inner Columns
none
Adyton or Opisthodom
Adyton
Column Height
8.76 m/ 8.65 m
Lower Diameter
c. 1.9 m
Lower D x Column Height
1: 4.53
Architrave Height
-
D : Intercolumn.
3 : 4 4/14
Frieze Proportion
Triglyph Width : Metope Width
9 : 10
The first regulated entablature proportion
Corner conflict in frieze
Not relevant
Foot/Ell*
52 cm = 1 E
Temple D (Selinunte, c. 550 BCE)
Columns Proportion
6 x 13
Stylobate
23.63 x 55.96 m
Intercolumn.
Long side (LS)
Front side (FS)
Middle Intercolumn.(MI)
LS – 4.51 m avg.
FS – 4.37 m avg.
Geringere Jochdiff.
Corner Contraction
none
Propteron
none
Cella width x Length
9.87 x 39.28 m
almost 1 : 4 / 20:80 ell
Pronaos/Cella Front
Tetrastyle
2 col. + 2 ¾ col.
Arrangement of Inner Columns
none
Adyton or Opisthodom
Adyton
Column Height
8.35 m
Lower Diameter
-
Lower D x Column Height
1 : 5
Architrave Height
-
D : Intercolumn.
3 : 5 4/5
Frieze Proportion
Triglyph Width : Metope Width
8 : 9
Corner conflict in frieze
No consideration
Foot/Ell*
49.1 cm = 1E
Temple F (Selinunte, 550 BCE)
Columns Proportion
6 x 14
Stylobate
24.37 x 61.88 m
Intercolumn.
Long side (LS)
Front side (FS)
Middle Intercolumn.(MI)
LS – 4.60 m
FS – 4.47 m
Corner Contraction
none
Propteron
2 interc. deep
Cella width x Length
c. 9.20 x 40 m
Pronaos/Cella Front
antae
Arrangement of Inner Columns
?/none
Adyton or Opisthodom
Adyton
Column Height
9.11 m
Lower Diameter
1.79 m
Lower D x Column Height
c. 1 : 5
Architrave Height
-
D : Intercolumn.
3:6
Frieze Proportion
Triglyph Width : Metope Width
5:6
Corner conflict in frieze
Widening of the corner metopes
Foot/Ell*
-
Temple G (Selinunte, 520 BCE)
Columns Proportion
8 x 17
Stylobate
49.97 x 109.12 m
+/- 5 cm
Intercolumn.
Long side (LS)
Front side (FS)
Middle Intercolumn.(MI)
East: 6.52 m avg.
West: normal interc. – 6.62 m
angle interc. – 6.28 m
Adyton - The adyton (Greek: Άδυτον) or adytum (Latin) was a restricted area within the cella of a Greek or Roman temple. The adyton was frequently a small area at the farthest end of the cella from the entrance.
Cella - The cella (from Latin for "small chamber") or naos (from the Greek ναός, "temple"), is the inner chamber of a temple in classical architecture.
Euthynteria - Euthynteria is the ancient Greek term for the uppermost course of a building's foundations, partly emerging from the ground line. The superstructure of the building (stylobate, columns, walls, and entablature) was set on the euthynteria.
Intercolumniation - In architecture intercolumniation is the spacing between columns in a colonnade, as measured at the bottom of their shafts. Unit intercolumniation (NI) is the hypothetical/ initial equal size of the spacing on each side of a temple before the alteration of the spacing. The normal intercolumniation (NI), however, is one that has not been altered in order to achieve a contraction. Middle intercolumniation (MI) is the one between the central two columns at the entrance of a temple, usually on the east front.
Metropolis - In the past, metropolis was the designation for a city or state of origin of a colony.
Opisthodomos - An opisthodomos (ὀπισθόδομος, 'back room') can refer to either the rear room of an ancient Greek temple or to the inner shrine.
Peristasis - The Peristasis (Greek: Περίστασις) was a four-sided porch or hall of columns surrounding the cella in an ancient Greek peripteros temple.
Stylobate - This is the stepped platform on which colonnades of temple columns are placed (it is the floor of the temple). The platform was built on a levelling course that flattened out the ground immediately beneath the temple.
Triglyph and metope - Triglyph is an architectural term for the vertically channelled tablets of the Doric frieze. The rectangular recessed spaces between the triglyphs on a Doric frieze are called metopes.
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Dzhigova, D. (2014, December 12). Sicilian Temples (Greek Metrology).
World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/article/777/sicilian-temples-greek-metrology/
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Dzhigova, Denitsa. "Sicilian Temples (Greek Metrology)."
World History Encyclopedia. Last modified December 12, 2014.
https://www.worldhistory.org/article/777/sicilian-temples-greek-metrology/.
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Dzhigova, Denitsa. "Sicilian Temples (Greek Metrology)."
World History Encyclopedia. World History Encyclopedia, 12 Dec 2014. Web. 22 Dec 2024.
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