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Map of the English Civil Wars (1642 - 1651)
This map illustrates the complexity and interconnected nature of the English Civil Wars (1642–1651), also known as the Wars of the Three Kingdoms—England, Scotland, and Ireland. These overlapping conflicts were driven by competing visions of governance, religion, and royal authority under King Charles I and, later, his son Charles II.
Fought across multiple theaters, the wars saw Royalists defending the monarchy against a patchwork of opposition: Parliamentarians in England seeking constitutional reform, Scottish Covenanters pushing for Presbyterianism, and Irish Confederates asserting autonomy. Battles and shifting alliances crisscrossed borders, making this period one of the most tumultuous in British history. The wars ultimately led to the execution of Charles I, the rise of Oliver Cromwell, and a brief republican experiment before the monarchy’s restoration.