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Beer in the Ancient World
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Beer in the Ancient World

The intoxicant known in English as `beer' takes its name from the Latin `bibere' (by way of the German `bier') meaning `to drink' and the Spanish word for beer, cerveza' comes from the Latin word `cerevisia' for `of beer', giving some indication...
Gertrude Bell
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Gertrude Bell

Gertrude Bell (l. 1868-1926) was an archaeologist, travel writer, explorer, and political administrator responsible for creating the borders of the countries of the Near East after World War I and, especially, for the foundation of the modern...
Origins of World Agriculture
Article by James Hancock

Origins of World Agriculture

Agriculture arose independently at several locations across the world, beginning about 12,000 years ago. The first crops and livestock were domesticated in six rather diffuse areas including the Near East, China, Southeast Asia, and Africa...
Ancient Celtic Sculpture
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Ancient Celtic Sculpture

The sculpture of the ancient Celts between 700 BCE and 400 CE is nothing if not varied as artists across Europe developed their own ideas and borrowed what interested them from neighbouring cultures. Early Celtic stone and wood sculptures...
Boston Tea Party
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

Boston Tea Party

The Boston Tea Party was an act of political protest carried out by American colonists on 16 December 1773, in Boston, Massachusetts. Disguised as Mohawk Native Americans, the colonists dumped 342 crates of tea into Boston Harbor to protest...
Britannia Receiving the Riches of the East
Image by Spyridon Romas

Britannia Receiving the Riches of the East

A 1778 allegorical painting commissioned by the East India Company showing the riches of the East being presented to Britannia. Painted by Spyridon Romas. The goods shown include tea, porcelain, and jewels. (British Library, London)
The First Three Crusades and the 12th-Century Latin East (Outremer)
Image by Simeon Netchev

The First Three Crusades and the 12th-Century Latin East (Outremer)

Maps illustrating the trajectory of a series of early military campaigns initiated by the medieval Church between 1096–1192, aiming at liberating the "Holy Land" (roughly located between the Mediterranean Sea and the Eastern Bank of the Jordan...
Map of The Latin East, 1190 CE
Image by Mapmaster

Map of The Latin East, 1190 CE

A map of the Middle East showing the Crusader-held Latin East states at the time of the Third Crusade (1189-1192 CE).
East India Docks
Image by The British Museum

East India Docks

An 1808 coloured print showing the docks of the East India Company, known as the East India Docks, at Blackwall in London. (British Museum, London).
Jan Pieterszoon Coen, Governor General of the Dutch East Indies
Image by Westfries Museum

Jan Pieterszoon Coen, Governor General of the Dutch East Indies

Jan Pieterszoon Coen (1587-1629), an officer of the Dutch East India Company and twice the company's Governor-General in the Dutch East Indies, oil on wood portrait after Jacob Waben, 1629. Westfries Museum, Hoorn, The Netherlands.
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