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Dead Sea Scroll of Pesher Isaiah
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Dead Sea Scroll of Pesher Isaiah

This is part of Pesher Isaiah, scroll number 4Q162, which was found in Cave 4 at Qumran (Khirbet Qumran or Wadi Qumran). A pesher is a type of commentary. The Dead Sea Scrolls are ancient Jewish religious manuscripts. The majority were written...
Interview: Early Medieval Irish Book Art
Interview by James Blake Wiener

Interview: Early Medieval Irish Book Art

Early medieval Irish book art is both beautiful and fascinating. It reflects a flourishing monastic culture which played a key role in the cultural development of Europe from the 6th to 9th centuries CE. Nowhere is this more clearly illustrated...
Dead Sea Scrolls Jars
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Dead Sea Scrolls Jars

The Dead Sea Scrolls, or Qumran Caves Scrolls, are parchment and papyrus scrolls that were found rolled-up inside special jars with tight-fitting covers, which helped preserve them. The jars were locally made in the Dead Sea area. The Dead...
The Dead Sea's Copper Scroll
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

The Dead Sea's Copper Scroll

The Copper Scroll was discovered inside Cave 3 (Q3) at Qumran (Khirbat Qumran or Wadi Qumran). This is the only known inscription on metal from the Dead Sea area. The scroll originally consisted of three sheets of copper, totaling 2.3 meters...
Dead Sea Scrolls
Image by Ken & Nyetta

Dead Sea Scrolls

The Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS) are a collection of scrolls found in the desert east of Jerusalem on the shore of the Dead Sea. They represent the largest manuscript collections of texts from the Second Temple Period found in the area of Judah...
Avenue of the Dead, Teotihuacan
Image by Dennis Jarvis

Avenue of the Dead, Teotihuacan

The Avenue of the Dead, Teotihuacan, Mexico. Constructed c. 100-150 CE the avenue leads from the Temple of the Moon across the city passing the Temple of the Sun, visible on the left.
Dead Sea Scrolls - The War Scroll
Image by Matson Photo Service

Dead Sea Scrolls - The War Scroll

The War Scroll, part of the Dead Sea Scrolls discovered at Quram, Israel which were composed between the 3rd century BCE and the 1st century CE.
The Negative Confession
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

The Negative Confession

The Negative Confession (also known as The Declaration of Innocence) is a list of 42 sins which the soul of the deceased can honestly say it has never committed when it stands in judgment in the afterlife. The soul would recite these in the...
Ancient Egyptian Literature
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Ancient Egyptian Literature

Ancient Egyptian literature comprises a wide array of narrative and poetic forms including inscriptions on tombs, stele, obelisks, and temples; myths, stories, and legends; religious writings; philosophical works; wisdom literature; autobiographies...
The Coffin Texts
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Coffin Texts

The Coffin Texts (c. 2134-2040 BCE) are 1,185 spells, incantations, and other forms of religious writing inscribed on coffins to help the deceased navigate the afterlife. They include the text known as the Book of Two Ways which is the first...
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