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The Life of Diogenes of Sinope in Diogenes Laertius
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Life of Diogenes of Sinope in Diogenes Laertius

Diogenes of Sinope (c. 404-323 BCE) was a Greek Cynic philosopher best known for holding a lantern to the faces of the citizens of Athens claiming he was searching for an honest man. He was most likely a student of the philosopher Antisthenes...
The Instructions of Shuruppag
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Instructions of Shuruppag

The Instructions of Shuruppag (c. 2000 BCE) is the most famous work of the genre of Sumerian wisdom literature whose purpose was to encourage proper behavior in conformity with cultural values and standards. It is among the oldest works of...
Fractio Panis Fresco, Rome
Image by Leinad-Z~commonswiki

Fractio Panis Fresco, Rome

Fractio Panis (or The Breaking of the Bread) fresco in the Greek Chapel in the Catacombs of Priscilla, Rome, Italy. Dated to the first half of the 2nd century CE.
The Hittites
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

The Hittites

The Hittites occupied the ancient region of Anatolia (also known as Asia Minor, modern-day Turkey) prior to 1700 BCE, developed a culture apparently from the indigenous Hatti (and possibly the Hurrian) people, and expanded their territories...
Medieval Guilds
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Medieval Guilds

Guilds of merchants and craft workers were formed in medieval Europe so that their members could benefit from mutual aid. Guilds ensured production standards were maintained and that competition was reduced. In addition, by members acting...
Alfred the Great
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Alfred the Great

Alfred the Great (r. 871-899 CE) was the king of Wessex in Britain but came to be known as King of the Anglo-Saxons after his military victories over Viking adversaries and later successful negotiations with them. He is the best-known Anglo-Saxon...
Mystery Cults
Definition by Arienne King

Mystery Cults

Mystery cults, or mystery religions, were ancient religious associations characterized by secrecy and initiation rites. They typically surrounded one primary deity, but some mystery cults venerated multiple deities in their rites. Members...
Hussite Wars
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Hussite Wars

The Hussite Wars (1419 to c. 1434) were a series of conflicts fought in Bohemia (modern-day Czech Republic) between followers of the reformer Jan Hus and Catholic loyalists toward the end of the Bohemian Reformation (c. 1380 to c. 1436...
13 Vendémiaire
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

13 Vendémiaire

The Revolt of 13 Vendémiaire Year IV (5 October 1795) was a royalist uprising in Paris during the French Revolution (1789-1799). In response to the anti-royalist policies of the Thermidorian Reaction, 25,000 Parisians rose in revolt but were...
Bohemian Reformation
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Bohemian Reformation

The Bohemian Reformation (c. 1380 to c. 1436) was the first concerted effort by Catholic clergy to reform the abuses and corruption of the medieval Church. Bohemian clerics and theologians called for reform and, like later advocates, initially...
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