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Khotyn Fortress
Khotyn fortress is a complex of fortifications situated on the hilly right bank of the Dniester in Khotyn, Ukraine. It consists of a 13th-century stronghold and an 18th-century bastion surrounding it. It is one of the oldest preserved fortifications...

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Europe on the Eve of the First World War, 1914
A map illustrating the situation in Europe as it teetered on the brink of World War I (1914-18). The political landscape was marked by intricate alliance systems and fierce imperial rivalries among European powers, especially between the...

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Feast of Attila
Feast of Attila by Mor Than, 1870 CE, now in the Hungarian National Gallery. In this scene, visitors stand before Attila and his guests, singing songs that they have composed. Attila in at the center of the composition, it is thought that...

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Spiš Castle - Reconstructed
A digital reconstruction of Spiš Castle in Spišské Podhradie, Slovakia as it may have appeared prior to its destruction in 1780 CE. Created by NeoMam Studios for BudgetDirect.com, republished with permission.

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Béla Bartók, 1927
A 1927 photograph of the Hungarian composer Béla Bartók (1881-1945).

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Francis II Rákóczi
Portrait of Prince of Transylvania Francis II Rákóczi, oil on canvas, 1712.
Hungarian National Gallery, Budapest.

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Religious Responses to the Black Death
The Black Death of 1347-1352 CE is the most infamous plague outbreak of the medieval world, unprecedented and unequaled until the 1918-1919 CE flu pandemic in the modern age. The cause of the plague was unknown and, in accordance with the...

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Medieval Knights: 12 of the Best
The knights of medieval Europe were meant to be the finest fighting men of their age, even more important, they were expected to be pure in thought and deed, as exemplified in the chivalrous code which they (usually) followed. Here are the...

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Battle of Kiev in 1941
The Battle of Kiev (Kyiv) in July-September 1941 was a major Axis victory in Operation Barbarossa, Adolf Hitler's attack on the USSR during the Second World War (1939-45). Hitler wanted the resources of Ukraine since these would allow the...

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The Ancient Celtic Pantheon
The ancient Celtic pantheon consisted of over 400 gods and goddesses who represented everything from rivers to warfare. With perhaps the exception of Lugh, the Celtic gods were not universally worshipped across Iron Age Europe but were very...