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The Crusades: Consequences & Effects
The crusades of the 11th to 15th century CE have become one of the defining events of the Middle Ages in both Europe and the Middle East. The campaigns brought significant consequences wherever they occurred but also pushed changes within...
Definition
Mauretania
Mauretania was an ancient kingdom in northwest Africa, encompassing regions of modern-day Morocco and Algeria. Although it shares a name with the modern country of Mauritania, they do not overlap. Ancient Mauretania was named after the Mauri...
Definition
Carthaginian Army
The armies of Carthage permitted the city to forge the most powerful empire in the western Mediterranean from the 6th to 3rd centuries BCE. Although by tradition a seafaring nation with a powerful navy, Carthage, by necessity, had to employ...
Definition
Carthaginian Warfare
Carthaginian warfare has been overshadowed by defeat to Rome in the Punic Wars, but for six centuries before that Carthage was remarkably successful in conquering lucrative territories in North Africa, the Iberian Peninsula, and Sicily. By...
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Spanish Conquest & Exploration in North America in the 16th century
A map illustrating Spain’s drive to expand its empire following the 1492 Reconquista of the Iberian Peninsula and Columbus's discovery of America. Inspired by tales of land and instant riches, thousands flocked to the New World with hopes...
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The Phoenician Expansion c. 11th to 6th centuries BCE
A map illustrating the expansion of the Phoenicians, including the trade routes and process of Phoenician colonization, from its origins in the Levant region of the eastern Mediterranean, until its height when it spanned from Cyprus to the...
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Spain and the Spanish Indies
A map illustrating one of the most significant processes of the early modern period - the rise and decline of Spain between the late fifteenth and the late seventeenth centuries. From a patchwork of kingdoms in the north of the Iberian peninsula...
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The Roman Republic before the Mithridatic Wars, c. 90 BCE
A map illustrating the geopolitical landscape in the Mediterranean on the eve of the Mithridatic Wars (88 - 63 BCE). The aftermath of the Punic Wars had left Rome the dominant power in the Mediterranean - with Roman rule extending from the...
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Roman Bridge, Ponte da Vila Formosa, Portugal
Ponte da Vila Formosa in Portugal, a 116 meter long Roman bridge spanning over the river Seda. This bridge, dating to the late 1st century / early 2nd century CE, is one of the best-preserved bridges throughout the Iberian Peninsula. It was...
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Braganza Brooch
A 3rd Century BCE gold fibula depicting a Celtic warrior. A Celtic warrior with a sword, oval shield, and pointed helmet is depicted defending himself from a dog which is jumping on him, two other dog heads are on each end of the fibula...
