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![Umar](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/11669.png?v=1644670804)
Definition
Umar
Umar ibn al-Khattab (r. 634-644 CE) was the second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate (632-661 CE, as the first four caliphs are referred to by the Sunni Muslims). He was an early convert of Islam and one of the close companions of the Islamic...
![Abu Bakr](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/11458.png?v=1723128124)
Definition
Abu Bakr
Abu Bakr (l. 573-634 CE, r. 632-634 CE) was an early convert of Islam; he was a close friend and confidant of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad, and became the first caliph of the Islamic empire – a successor to Muhammad's temporal position but...
![The Aftermath of Looting: Illegally Excavated Mesopotamian Tablets](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/7089.jpg?v=1660609082)
Article
The Aftermath of Looting: Illegally Excavated Mesopotamian Tablets
He who saw everything in the broad-boned earth, and knew what was to be known, Who had experienced what there was, and had become familiar with all things. The Epic of Gilgamesh. The tornado has started After the US-led invasion of...
![Gertrude Bell](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/14424.png?v=1650307987)
Definition
Gertrude Bell
Gertrude Bell (l. 1868-1926) was an archaeologist, travel writer, explorer, and political administrator responsible for creating the borders of the countries of the Near East after World War I and, especially, for the foundation of the modern...
![Rashidun Caliphate](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/11546.jpg?v=1738195992)
Definition
Rashidun Caliphate
The first four caliphs of the Islamic empire – Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali are referred to as Rashidun (rightly guided) Caliphs (632-661 CE) by mainstream Sunni Muslims. Their tenure started with the death of Prophet Muhammad in 632 CE...
![The Newly Discovered Tablet II of the Epic of Gilgamesh](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/10429.jpg?v=1629557102)
Article
The Newly Discovered Tablet II of the Epic of Gilgamesh
Surpassing all other kings, heroic in stature, brave scion of Uruk, wild bull on the rampage! Going at the fore he was the vanguard, going at the rear, one his comrades could trust! (Prologue, Tablet I, The Epic of Gilgamesh...
![Never Seen: The Trace of a Jewish Spirit from Mesopotamia](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/7074.jpg?v=1630985403)
Article
Never Seen: The Trace of a Jewish Spirit from Mesopotamia
The Story Begins from a Dead End August 25, 2015 was a very hot day of summer but its omen was a very promising one! That day, I was with my friend, Mr. Hashim Hama Abdulla, director of the Sulaymaniyah Museum in Iraq, walking in the main...
![Akkadian Soldier on Naram-Sin Victory Stele from Wasit](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/10765.jpg?v=1618680609)
Image
Akkadian Soldier on Naram-Sin Victory Stele from Wasit
This alabaster stele (with different registers) was fragmented when originally found and only three fragments have survived; two are in the Iraq Museum in Baghdad and one is in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, USA. The stele commemorates...
![Naram-Sin Victory Stele from Wasit](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/10764.jpg?v=1618783203)
Image
Naram-Sin Victory Stele from Wasit
This alabaster stele (with different registers) was fragmented when originally found and only three fragments have survived; two are in the Iraq Museum in Baghdad and one is in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, USA. The stele commemorates...
![Yazidism](https://www.worldhistory.org/img/c/p/360x202/10923.jpg?v=1727381177)
Definition
Yazidism
Yazidism is a syncretic, monotheistic religion practiced by the Yazidis, an ethnoreligious group which resides primarily in northern Iraq, northern Syria, and southeastern Turkey. Yazidism is considered by its adherents to be the oldest religion...