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Causes of the Hundred Years' War
Article by Mark Cartwright

Causes of the Hundred Years' War

The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) was an intermittent conflict fought between England and France that started when king Edward III of England (r. 1327-1377) squabbled with Philip VI of France (r. 1328-1350) over feudal rights concerning...
Edward III of England
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Edward III of England

Edward III of England reigned as king from 1327 to 1377. Succeeding his father Edward II of England (r. 1307-1327) following his enforced abdication and then murder, Edward III would take revenge on his father's enemies, who included the...
The Aftermath of Nat Turner's Insurrection by John W. Cromwell
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Aftermath of Nat Turner's Insurrection by John W. Cromwell

John Wesley Cromwell (l. 1846-1927) was an African American civil rights activist, educator, historian, journalist, and lawyer who wrote extensively on slave revolts, especially Nat Turner's Rebellion of 1831. Drawing on primary sources...
Birthplace of John Adams and John Quincy Adams in Braintree, MA
Image by G. N. Frankenstein

Birthplace of John Adams and John Quincy Adams in Braintree, MA

Birthplace of John Adams (right) and his son John Quincy Adams (left) in Braintree, Massachusetts, oil painting by G. N. Frankenstein, 1849. National Park Service.
Trail of Tears: Memorial and Protest of the Cherokee Nation by John Ross
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Trail of Tears: Memorial and Protest of the Cherokee Nation by John Ross

The Trail of Tears was the forced relocation of the "Five Civilized Tribes" – Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Muscogee Creek, and Seminole – from their ancestral lands in the Southeastern region of the United States to "Indian Territory" (modern-day...
The First Black Archaeologist: A Life of John Wesley Gilbert with John Lee
Video by Kelly Macquire

The First Black Archaeologist: A Life of John Wesley Gilbert with John Lee

The First Black Archaeologist: A Life of John Wesley Gilbert by John Lee is a story of a boy who grows up in poverty, facing racism and violence, a boy who seemed like he would have no opportunities. But thanks to dedicated teachers – both...
Declaration of Pillnitz
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

Declaration of Pillnitz

The Declaration of Pillnitz was a joint statement issued on 27 August 1791 by Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1790-1792) and King Frederick William II of Prussia (r. 1786-1797). The declaration appealed to all European powers to unite...
Early Explorers of the Maya Civilization: John Lloyd Stephens and Frederick Catherwood
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Early Explorers of the Maya Civilization: John Lloyd Stephens and Frederick Catherwood

The names of John Lloyd Stephens and Frederick Catherwood are forever linked to the Maya and Mayan studies as the two great explorers who documented the ruins from Copan in the south to Chichen Itza in the north. The stories told by Stephens...
Battle of Poitiers, 1356 CE
Article by Mark Cartwright

Battle of Poitiers, 1356 CE

The Battle of Poitiers on 19 September 1356 CE was the second great battle of the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453 CE) after Crécy (1346 CE) and, once again, it was the English who won. Edward the Black Prince (1330-1376 CE), son of Edward III...
Book of Revelation
Definition by Rebecca Denova

Book of Revelation

The book of Revelation or the Apocalypse of John of Patmos is one of the most famous books in the New Testament. Written near the end of the 1st century CE, it is the only apokalypsis (Greek: "unveiling of unseen realities") that was included...
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