John II of France: Did you mean...?

Charles Philippe de France, comte d'Artois (1757-1836), during the French Revolution, oil on canvas painting by Henri-Pierre Danloux, 1798. As the youngest brother of King Louis XVI, Artois was one of the first emigres to flee France after...

The crown and salamander symbol used by Francis I of France (r. 1515-1547 CE). From the Château d'Amboise, France.

Road sign at the entrance of the martyred village of Oradour-sur-Glane, France, where 643 innocent victims perished at the hands of soldiers of the SS Waffen Panzer das Reich division on 10 June 1944 during the Second World War (1939-45...

Portrait of Francis I of France (r. 1515-1547), oil and oak wood by Jean Clouet, between 1527 and 1530. Louvre, Paris.

A 15th century CE manuscript illustration showing David II of Scotland (r. 1329-1371 CE) and Queen Joan kneeling before King Philip VI of France (r. 1328-1350 CE).

Isabella of France and her army with the body of Hugh Despenser in the background, illustration from a 15th-century manuscript by Jean Pichore, Royal MS 15 E IV, f. 316v. British Library, London.

A stamp from Revolutionary France in 1794, referencing Maximilien Robespierre's Cult of the Supreme Being. It reads: "The People of France Recognize the Supreme Being and the Immortality of the Soul". Bibliothèque nationale de France.

Marie de France (wrote c. 1160-1215 CE), from an illuminated manuscript now in the Bibliothèque nationale de France: BnF, Arsenal Library, Ms. 3142 fol. 256.

Map of New France 1612 CE by Samuel de Champlain (1567?-1635 CE). National Library of France.

A c. 1559 illustration of Mary, Queen of Scots (r. 1542-1567) and her first husband, Francis II of France (r. 1559-1560). National Library of France, Paris.