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Mayflower Passengers & Crew
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Mayflower Passengers & Crew

The 102 Mayflower passengers were a diverse group made up of religious separatists (later known as pilgrims) and others referred to by the pilgrims as Strangers (people who did not share their faith). The ship also had a crew of approximately...
Isabella of France
Image by Bibliothèque nationale de France

Isabella of France

Isabella of France, Detail from an illustration in the Grandes Chroniques de France (Français 6465, fol. 338v.) by Jean Fouquet, Tours, c. 1455-1460. National Library of France, Paris.
Isabella of France Arrives in Paris
Image by Jean Froissart

Isabella of France Arrives in Paris

Meeting between Isabella of France, Queen of England, and her brother, Charles IV of France, in 1325, illustration from Froissart's Chronicles, c. 1475. National Library of France, Paris.
Statue of Francis I of France
Image by Mark Cartwright

Statue of Francis I of France

A statue of Francis I of France (r. 1515-1547 CE) in Cognac, France. The French king was born in the town in 1494 CE.
Empire of Nicaea
Definition by Michael Goodyear

Empire of Nicaea

The Empire of Nicaea was a successor state to the Byzantine Empire, or rather a Byzantine Empire in exile lasting from 1204 to 1261 CE. The Empire of Nicaea was founded in the aftermath of the sacking of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade...
The Comte d'Artois, Later Charles X of France
Image by Henri-Pierre Danloux

The Comte d'Artois, Later Charles X of France

Charles Philippe de France, comte d'Artois (1757-1836), during the French Revolution, oil on canvas painting by Henri-Pierre Danloux, 1798. As the youngest brother of King Louis XVI, Artois was one of the first emigres to flee France after...
Crown & Salamander Symbol of Francis I of France
Image by Mark Cartwright

Crown & Salamander Symbol of Francis I of France

The crown and salamander symbol used by Francis I of France (r. 1515-1547 CE). From the Château d'Amboise, France.
Quasi-War
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

Quasi-War

The Quasi-War (1798-1800) or 'Half War' was a limited, undeclared naval conflict fought between the United States and the First French Republic. Hostilities arose when French privateers began attacking neutral American shipping, resulting...
Remember Oradour-sur-Glane, France
Image by La contemporaine

Remember Oradour-sur-Glane, France

Road sign at the entrance of the martyred village of Oradour-sur-Glane, France, where 643 innocent victims perished at the hands of soldiers of the SS Waffen Panzer das Reich division on 10 June 1944 during the Second World War (1939-45...
Francis I of France
Image by Jean Clouet 

Francis I of France

Portrait of Francis I of France (r. 1515-1547), oil and oak wood by Jean Clouet, between 1527 and 1530. Louvre, Paris.
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