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Crown & Salamander Symbol of Francis I of France
Image by Mark Cartwright

Crown & Salamander Symbol of Francis I of France

The crown and salamander symbol used by Francis I of France (r. 1515-1547 CE). From the Château d'Amboise, France.
The People of France Recognize the Supreme Being and the Immortality of the Soul
Image by Bibliothèque nationale de France

The People of France Recognize the Supreme Being and the Immortality of the Soul

A stamp from Revolutionary France in 1794, referencing Maximilien Robespierre's Cult of the Supreme Being. It reads: "The People of France Recognize the Supreme Being and the Immortality of the Soul". Bibliothèque nationale de France.
Remember Oradour-sur-Glane, France
Image by La contemporaine

Remember Oradour-sur-Glane, France

Road sign at the entrance of the martyred village of Oradour-sur-Glane, France, where 643 innocent victims perished at the hands of soldiers of the SS Waffen Panzer das Reich division on 10 June 1944 during the Second World War (1939-45...
Francis I of France
Image by Jean Clouet 

Francis I of France

Portrait of Francis I of France (r. 1515-1547), oil and oak wood by Jean Clouet, between 1527 and 1530. Louvre, Paris.
Philip VI of France with David II of Scotland and Queen Joan
Image by Jean Froissart

Philip VI of France with David II of Scotland and Queen Joan

A 15th century CE manuscript illustration showing David II of Scotland (r. 1329-1371 CE) and Queen Joan kneeling before King Philip VI of France (r. 1328-1350 CE).
Isabella of France and Her Army
Image by British Library

Isabella of France and Her Army

Isabella of France and her army with the body of Hugh Despenser in the background, illustration from a 15th-century manuscript by Jean Pichore, Royal MS 15 E IV, f. 316v. British Library, London.
French Wars of Religion
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

French Wars of Religion

The French Wars of Religion (1562-1598) were a series of eight conflicts between Protestant and Catholic factions in France lasting 36 years and concluding with the Protestant King Henry IV of France (r. 1589-1610) converting to Catholicism...
XYZ Affair
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

XYZ Affair

The XYZ Affair was a diplomatic incident that occurred in 1797-98, involving diplomats from the United States and Revolutionary France. Amidst rising tensions between the two nations, President John Adams sent envoys to Paris to negotiate...
Jacques Necker
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

Jacques Necker

Jacques Necker (l. 1732-1804) was a Swiss banker and statesman who served as finance minister to King Louis XVI of France (r. 1774-1792). He served in the king's ministry three separate times, tasked with navigating France through its dire...
French Consulate
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

French Consulate

The French Consulate was the government of the First French Republic from 10 November 1799 to 18 May 1804, spanning the last four years of the Republic's existence. Headed by Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) as First Consul, the Consulate served...
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