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King John of England & Philip II of France
An illumination from a 14th Century CE manuscript of the "Grandes Chroniques de France", depicting King John of England (r. 1199 - 1216 CE) paying homage to Philip II of France (r. 1180 - 1223 CE). Made in Paris, France c. 1332 - 1350...

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William the Silent
William the Silent (l. 1533-1584, also known as William of Orange) was the leader of the Dutch Revolt (the Eighty Years' War) in the Netherlands; first politically (between 1559-1568) then militarily (between 1568-1584). He is among the most...

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Demosthenes
Demosthenes (c. 384 - 322 BCE) was an Athenian statesman who famously stood against Macedonian king Philip II and whose surviving speeches have established him as one of the greatest patriots and powerful orators from ancient Greece. He is...

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Colossal Statues of Philip II and Alexander III in Skopje
Colossal statues of Philip II of Macedon (r. 359-336 BCE) and Alexander the Great (r. 336-323 BCE) in Skopje. The Skopje 2014 (2010-2014) was a project involving the construction of 136 monumental buildings, bridges, statues, and fountains...

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Amphictyonic League
The Amphictyonic League was an early form of religious council in ancient Greece. It was typically composed of delegates from several tribes or ethnes living in the vicinity of a major, prosperous sanctuary, who then collaborated in supervising...

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John I of England Battling Philip II of France
An illumination from a 14th Century CE manuscript of the "Grandes Chroniques de France", depicting a battle between John I of England (r. 1199 - 1216 CE) and Philip II of France (r. 1180 - 1223 CE). Both kings are recognizable by their coats...

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Philip VI of France with David II of Scotland and Queen Joan
A 15th century CE manuscript illustration showing David II of Scotland (r. 1329-1371 CE) and Queen Joan kneeling before King Philip VI of France (r. 1328-1350 CE).

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Macedonia under Philip II
Map of the Kingdom of Macedon and its expansions at the death of Philip II in 336 BC.
Based on R. Ginouvès et al., La Macédoine, Paris, 1992.

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Philip II of Macedon
Philip II of Macedon (reigned 359–336 BCE)

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Philip II of Spain by Moro
A 16th century CE portrait by Giacomo Antonio Moro of Philip II of Spain (r. 1556-1598 CE).