Louis the Pious: Did you mean...?

Louis XIII of France (r. 1610-1643) in armor, oil on canvas by Peter Paul Rubens, c. 1622-25. Norton Simon Museum, Pasadena, California.

The Napoleonic Concordat of 1801 defined France's relationship with the Catholic Church for over 100 years. The Organic Articles were added in 1802 and provided state recognition of the Reformed and Lutheran confessions alongside the Catholic...

Louise-Antoine, Compte de Bougainville (1729-1811) was a French explorer and former army colonel, who was also a brilliant mathematician. He was a contemporary of Captain James Cook (1728-1779) and a protegée of Madame de Pompadour (1721-1764...

The meeting of the Assembly of Notables in 1787 was a last-ditch effort by the ministers of King Louis XVI of France (r. 1774-1792) to fix the disastrous condition of French finances. The assembly failed to agree on a series of radical financial...

A 1767 oil on canvas portrait by Louis-Michel van Loo of the French author and philosopher Diderot (1713-1784). (Louvre Museum, Paris)

A 15th century CE painting depicting the death of French king Louis IX in 1270 CE during the Eighth Crusade at Tunis.

Louis-Antoine de Saint-Just (1767-1794), a leader of the Jacobin Club and of the Mountain political faction, oil on canvas portrait by Pierre-Paul Prud'hon, 1793. Only 25 when he was elected to the National Convention, Saint-Just soon became...

A 19th century CE illustration by Gustav Doré showing the French king Louis IX (r. 1226-1270 CE) and his capture by the army of the Ayyubid Empire during the Seventh Crusade (1248-1254 CE).

The compound monocular microscope of Louis Pasteur (1822-1895). Made by Nachet et fils, 1861-70. (Science Museum, London)

Portrait depicting Louis René Édouard, cardinal de Rohan (1734-1803). A former ambassador, Cardinal de Rohan was despised by Queen Marie Antoinette of France and became embroiled in the affair of the diamond necklace in an attempt to win...