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Ibn Battuta
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Ibn Battuta

Ibn Battuta (l. 1304-1368/69) was a Moroccan explorer from Tangier whose expeditions took him further than any other traveler of his time and resulted in his famous work, The Rihla of Ibn Battuta. Scholar Douglas Bullis notes that “rihla”...
Sarcophus of Nectanebo II
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Sarcophus of Nectanebo II

The sarcophagus was prepared for Egypt's last native pharaoh, Nectanebo II. Nectanebo's reign was cut short in the year 343 BCE, when the emperor Artaxerxes III restored Egypt to Persian rule. Nectanebo fled south, never to regain control...
Naqsh-e Jahan Square, Isfahan
Image by Carole Raddato

Naqsh-e Jahan Square, Isfahan

Naqsh-e Jahan Square is a public urban square situated at the centre of Isfahan in Iran. Constructed by Shah Abbas I the Great at the beginning of the 17th century CE, it is now an important historical site and one of UNESCO's World Heritage...
Discovering the Glories of Persia
Article by Carole Raddato

Discovering the Glories of Persia

Iran, or Persia as it was formerly known, is a country with a long and rich history stretching back thousands of years and where many civilisations thrived. With 24 historical sites registered on the UNESCO World Heritage List and each with...
Minaret of Saveh, Iran
Image by P & J.Grimshaw (used with permission)

Minaret of Saveh, Iran

The Minaret of the Friday Mosque, Saveh, Iran (1110 CE).
Kairouan (UNESCO/NHK)
Video by UNESCO TV NHK Nippon Hoso Kyokai

Kairouan (UNESCO/NHK)

Founded in 670, Kairouan in present-day Tunisia flourished under the Aghlabid dynasty in the 9th century AD. Despite the transfer of the political capital to Tunis in the 12th century AD, Kairouan remained the Maghreb's principal holy city...
Mali Empire
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Mali Empire

The Mali Empire (1240-1645) of West Africa was founded by Sundiata Keita (r. 1230-1255) following his victory over the kingdom of Sosso (c. 1180-1235). Sundiata's centralised government, diplomacy and well-trained army permitted a massive...
Ghana Empire
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Ghana Empire

The Ghana Empire flourished in West Africa from at least the 6th to 13th century CE. Not connected geographically to the modern state of Ghana, the Ghana Empire was located in the western Sudan savannah region (modern southern Mauritania...
Mansa Musa I
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Mansa Musa I

Mansa Musa I was the ruler of the Mali Empire in West Africa from 1312 to 1337. Controlling territories rich in gold and copper, and monopolising trade between the north and interior of the continent, Mali grew extremely wealthy. Mansa Musa...
Suleiman the Magnificent
Definition by Oxford University Press

Suleiman the Magnificent

Suleiman the Magnificent (aka Süleyman I or Suleiman I, r. 1520-1566) was the tenth and longest-reigning sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Hailed as a skilled military commander, a just ruler, and a divinely anointed monarch during his lifetime...
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