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Mughal India c. 1707
A map illustrating the emergence and expansion of one of the largest centralized states in the premodern world - the Mughal (Persian for Mongol) Empire from its foundation in 1526 by Ẓahīr al-Dīn Muḥammad Babur, a Chagatai Turk and a descendant...

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Mughal Coin of Nur Jahan
Silver Mughal coin bearing the name of Queen Nur Jahan (c. 1577-1645), wife of the Mughal Emperor Jahangir (r. 1605-1627).

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Mughal Calligraphy & Ornamentation
Examples of illuminated calligraphy and ornamentation from two Mughal folios. Ink with opaque watercolour and gold on paper. The calligraphy is by Mir 'Ali, 16th century, Iran; borders, (left) about 1610 – 20, (right) c. 1630 – 50, Mughal...

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Roman Empire
The Roman Empire, at its height (c. 117), was the most extensive political and social structure in western civilization. Building upon the foundation laid by the Roman Republic, the empire became the largest and most powerful political and...

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Bracelet with Mughal Miniature Portraits
Gold bracelet with miniature portraits of three Mughal emperors and their royal wives, watercolors on ivory by Indian Mughal miniaturists in Delhi (1860-1870). The third oval from the left is a portrait of the last Mughal emperor, Bahadur...

Definition
Western Roman Empire
The Western Roman Empire is the modern-day term for the western half of the Roman Empire after it was divided in two by the emperor Diocletian (r. 284-305 CE) in c. 285/286 CE. The Romans themselves did not use this term. At its height (c...

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Henry Every
Henry Every (b. 1653), also known as Henry Avery, Benjamin Bridgeman, ‘Long Ben’ and (incorrectly) John Avery, was one of the most savage and successful pirates in the Golden Age of Piracy. Capturing a treasure ship of the Mughal emperor...

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Empire of Nicaea
The Empire of Nicaea was a successor state to the Byzantine Empire, or rather a Byzantine Empire in exile lasting from 1204 to 1261 CE. The Empire of Nicaea was founded in the aftermath of the sacking of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade...

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Looking East, Looking West: Mughal Painting between Persia and Europe
Looking East, Looking West: Mughal Painting between Persia and Europe November 19, 2015 Getty Center Lecture by Kavita Singh Introductory remarks by Thomas W. Gaehtgens and Brian Sweeney Kavita Singh is professor of art history at...

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Babur, Mughal Emperor
A 17th-century painting of the emperor and founder of the Mughal Empire, Babur (l. 1483-1530), given name Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad. (Victoria and Albert Museum, London)