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French Revolution and Wars 1789-99
A map illustrating the outbreak and course of the French Revolution (aka The Revolution of 1789 to distinguish it from the ones of 1830 and 1848) and the consequential conflicts between France, the largest and most populous state in Western...

Definition
Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror, or simply the Terror (la Terreur), was a climactic period of state-sanctioned violence during the French Revolution (1789-99), which saw the public executions and mass killings of thousands of counter-revolutionary 'suspects'...

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Heart of Neolithic Orkney (UNESCO/NHK)
The group of Neolithic monuments on Orkney consists of a large chambered tomb (Maes Howe), two ceremonial stone circles (the Stones of Stenness and the Ring of Brodgar) and a settlement (Skara Brae), together with a number of unexcavated...

Definition
Cult of the Supreme Being
The Cult of the Supreme Being was a deistic cult established by Maximilien Robespierre (1758-1794) during the French Revolution (1789-1799). Its purpose was to replace Roman Catholicism as the state religion of France and to undermine the...

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The First Industrial Revolution, c. 1760 - 1840
An illustration depicting the First Industrial Revolution - a time of technological and scientific innovation that led to the rapid industrialization and urbanization of Europe and North America's agricultural economies (the term Industrial...

Definition
Demonstration of 20 June 1792
The Demonstration of 20 June 1792 was a final attempt by the sans-culottes of Paris to reconcile King Louis XVI of France (r. 1774-1792) with the French Revolution (1789-99). Prompted by the king's veto of popular decrees, the people invaded...

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The Scientific Revolution in Europe
The Scientific Revolution in Europe, roughly 1500 to 1700, was a profound intellectual and cultural transformation that forever altered humanity's understanding of the natural world. The period witnessed a seismic shift from medieval beliefs...

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An Allegory of the Revolution
Allégorie révolutionnaire ("Allegory of the revolution") by Nicolas Henri Jeaurat de Bertry, 1794. It was made in honor of Enlightenment philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778), whose portrait is seen at the top of the painting. Rousseau...

Definition
Maximilien Robespierre
Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre (1758-1794) was a French lawyer who became one of the primary leaders of the French Revolution (1789-1799). From his initial rise to stardom in the Jacobin Club, Robespierre went on to dominate...

Definition
Skara Brae
Skara Brae is a Neolithic Age site, consisting of ten stone structures, near the Bay of Skaill, Orkney, Scotland. Today the village is situated by the shore but when it was inhabited (c.3100-2500 BCE) it would have been further inland. Steady...