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The Microscope & the Scientific Revolution
The microscope was one of the most significant inventions of the Scientific Revolution, opening up completely new and miniaturised worlds. The first microscopes were invented in the first quarter of the 17th century in the Netherlands, but...

Article
Observatories in the Scientific Revolution
The foundation of observatories during the Scientific Revolution (1500-1700) followed a process of evolution from entirely independent observatories operated by a single astronomer to private observatories which received state or private...

Article
The Railways in the British Industrial Revolution
The railways were perhaps the most visible element of the Industrial Revolution for many. Trains powered by steam engines carried goods and people faster than ever before and reached new destinations, connecting businesses to new markets...

Article
Trade Unions in the British Industrial Revolution
Trade unions were formed in Britain during the Industrial Revolution (1760-1840) to protect workers from unnecessary risks using dangerous machines, unhealthy working conditions, and excessive hours of work. The trade union movement was vigorously...

Article
The Steel Industry in the British Industrial Revolution
The production of steel during the British Industrial Revolution became cheaper and more reliable thanks to the Bessemer converter, a type of blast furnace that removed undesirable impurities from pig iron. The superior strength and durability...

Definition
Civil Constitution of the Clergy
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy was a law passed in July 1790 during the French Revolution (1789-1799), which caused the immediate subordination of the Catholic Church in France to the French government. An attempt to modernize the Church...

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Major Indo Iranian Neolithic Sites & the Indus Civilization
The map shows the extent of the Harappan or Indus Civilization along with the various neolithic sites in the region.

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Neolithic Variscite Necklace
A variscite necklace from the Neolithic site of Carnac, north-west France. (Archaeological Museum of Carnac)

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Neolithic Stone Axe with Wooden Handle
A Neolithic stone axe with a wooden handle, found at Ehenside Tarn. It is on display in the British Museum, London.

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Neolithic Axe Heads
Axe heads of jadeite and eclogite from the neolithic site of Carnac, north-west France. (Archaeological Museum of Carnac)