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Donation of Constantine
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Donation of Constantine

The Donation of Constantine (Donatio Constantini or the Donatio) is a medieval forgery dated to the 8th century purporting to be an original 4th-century document in which the Roman emperor Constantine the Great (r. 306-337) granted supreme...
Treaty of Paris of 1783
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

Treaty of Paris of 1783

The Treaty of Paris, signed on 3 September 1783 by representatives from Great Britain and the United States, was the peace agreement that formally ended the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) and recognized the United States as an independent...
Leon Battista Alberti
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Leon Battista Alberti

Leon Battista Alberti (1404-1472 CE) was an Italian scholar, architect, mathematician, and advocate of Renaissance humanism. Alberti famously wrote the treatise On Architecture where he outlines the key elements of classical architecture...
Spanish Requirement
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Spanish Requirement

The Spanish Requirement or Requerimiento was a document intended to be read out to and agreed upon by indigenous peoples during the Spanish conquest of the Americas. Created in 1513, the document outlined the history of Christianity, the...
Johann Eck
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Johann Eck

Johann Eck (l. 1486-1543) was a Catholic theologian and writer best known for his disputations with Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546) beginning in 1517 and continuing until his death in 1543. Eck maintained the position that, if anyone could determine...
Jay Treaty
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

Jay Treaty

The Jay Treaty, formally known as the Treaty of Amity, Commerce, and Navigation, Between His Britannic Majesty and the United States of America, was a controversial treaty signed by representatives of the United States and Great Britain in...
US Presidential Election of 1789
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

US Presidential Election of 1789

The US presidential election of 1789 was the first presidential election to take place after the ratification of the United States Constitution. Held on 4 February 1789, it resulted in the unanimous election of George Washington (l. 1732-1799...
Coronation of Napoleon I
Article by Harrison W. Mark

Coronation of Napoleon I

The Coronation of Napoleon I as Emperor of the French took place on Sunday 2 December 1804, in the Notre-Dame de Paris cathedral. A sacred ceremony held to legitimize Napoleon's reign, the coronation signaled the birth of the First French...
Division of the Carolingian Empire in 898
Image by Trasamundo

Division of the Carolingian Empire in 898

Map of the former Carolingian Empire in 898 following its collapse in 887 as a result of the deposition of Emperor Charles the Fat (r. 876-887). The kingdoms were claimed by various regional nobles, each of whom contested the imperial title...
Martin Luther's 95 Theses
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Martin Luther's 95 Theses

Martin Luther's 95 Theses of 31 October 1517, although they have since come to represent the beginning of the Protestant Reformation, were not written to challenge the authority of the Roman Catholic Church but were simply an invitation to...
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