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Saint Boniface
Definition by Mark Beumer

Saint Boniface

Saint Boniface (born as Wynfreth, l. 672-754) is one of the most famous saints in the Netherlands. He helped Pope Gregory II (r. 715-731), who was keen to convert pagan Germanic tribes, to achieve his goal, the Christianization of Europe...
The History of Europe: Every Year
Video by Cottereau

The History of Europe: Every Year

This video shows the borders and populations of each country in Europe, for every year since 400 BC. Vassal states and colonies are not included in the count of a country's population. Sources : 1. Population : - Angus Maddison...
John Knox on Female Leadership
Article by John S. Knox

John Knox on Female Leadership

The rule of women in government and ministry has long been a source of controversy in the Christian Church. Beginning with the Apostolic period, female leadership has been embraced and resisted by innumerable people, the debate centering...
Scripture, Faith, the Sacraments,  and the Holy Spirit in Calvin’s Institutes
Article by John S. Knox

Scripture, Faith, the Sacraments, and the Holy Spirit in Calvin’s Institutes

The Protestant Reformation was a period of religious history marked by a great defining, debating, and divergence on what it meant to be an orthodox, faithful Christian. To this end, many theologians offered their own explanations of the...
Gregory the Great & His Pastoral Care
Article by John S. Knox

Gregory the Great & His Pastoral Care

One of the most influential and important Christian leaders during the Early Medieval Period was Pope Gregory the Great (540–604 CE). Renown for his administrative prowess and ecclesiastical reforms during a time of "obscurantism, superstition...
Six Great Heresies of the Middle Ages
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Six Great Heresies of the Middle Ages

The medieval Church established its monopoly over the spiritual life of Europeans in the Early Middle Ages (c. 476-1000) and consolidated that power throughout the High Middle Ages (1000-1300) and Late Middle Ages (1300-1500). Along the way...
US Presidential Election of 1789
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

US Presidential Election of 1789

The US presidential election of 1789 was the first presidential election to take place after the ratification of the United States Constitution. Held on 4 February 1789, it resulted in the unanimous election of George Washington (l. 1732-1799...
Cats in the Middle Ages
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Cats in the Middle Ages

Cats in the Middle Ages were generally disapproved of, regarded as, at best, useful pests and, at worst, agents of Satan, owing to the medieval Church and its association of the cat with evil. Prior to the widespread acceptance of Christianity...
Napoleonic Concordat of 1801 & Religious Pluralism
Article by Stephen M Davis

Napoleonic Concordat of 1801 & Religious Pluralism

The Napoleonic Concordat of 1801 defined France's relationship with the Catholic Church for over 100 years. The Organic Articles were added in 1802 and provided state recognition of the Reformed and Lutheran confessions alongside the Catholic...
Cajetan's On Faith and Works
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Cajetan's On Faith and Works

On Faith and Works (1532) by Cardinal Thomas Cajetan (l. c. 1468-1534) is a refutation of the central arguments of Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546) concerning justification before God as faith-based, having nothing to do with one’s works. Cajetan...
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