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Definition
Demosthenes
Demosthenes (c. 384 - 322 BCE) was an Athenian statesman who famously stood against Macedonian king Philip II and whose surviving speeches have established him as one of the greatest patriots and powerful orators from ancient Greece. He is...

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King Philip (Metacom)
Philip, King of Mount Hope, line engraving depicting Metacom (also known as King Philip, l. 1638-1676), colored by hand, by the American engraver and silversmith Paul Revere, illustration from page 88 of The Entertaining History of King Philip's...

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Death of King Philip or Metacom
An early 20th-century illustration showing the death of King Philip, aka Metacom (l. 1638-1676) who led a coalition of Native American tribes in King Philip’s War (aka Metacom’s War, 1675-1678) against English colonists.

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Philip VI Presiding Over the Lawsuit of Robert of Artois
A 14th century CE manuscript illustration showing Philip VI of France (r. 1328-1350 CE) presiding over the lawsuit of Robert III of Artois. (MS fr: 18437, National Library of France, Paris)

Definition
Hundred Years' War
The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) was an intermittent conflict between England and France lasting 116 years. It began principally because King Edward III (r. 1327-1377) and Philip VI (r. 1328-1350) escalated a dispute over feudal rights...

Definition
Amphictyonic League
The Amphictyonic League was an early form of religious council in ancient Greece. It was typically composed of delegates from several tribes or ethnes living in the vicinity of a major, prosperous sanctuary, who then collaborated in supervising...

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Macedonia under Philip II
Map of the Kingdom of Macedon and its expansions at the death of Philip II in 336 BC.
Based on R. Ginouvès et al., La Macédoine, Paris, 1992.

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Philip II of Macedon
Philip II of Macedon (reigned 359–336 BCE)

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Philip II of Spain & Mary I of England
A 1558 CE painting by Hans Eworth showing Philip II of Spain (r. 1556-1598 CE) and Mary I of England (r. 1553-1558 CE) who were married from 1554 CE until Mary's death in 1558 CE. (Woburn Abbey Collection, England)

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Philip II of Spain by Moro
A 16th century CE portrait by Giacomo Antonio Moro of Philip II of Spain (r. 1556-1598 CE).