Philip II of France: Did you mean...?

A photorealistic representation of what the Roman emperor Philip the Arab (r. 244-249 CE) may have looked like. Based on contemporary and near contemporary descriptions, as well as archaeological evidence. Pictured alongside the reconstruction...

The Protestant Reformation in the Netherlands was among the most violent and destructive of any region during the first 50 years of the movement, ultimately informing the Eighty Years' War (1568-1648), but causing massive destruction and...

The sea dogs, as they were disparagingly called by the Spanish authorities, were privateers who, with the consent and sometimes financial support of Elizabeth I of England (r. 1558-1603 CE), attacked and plundered Spanish colonial settlements...

Pericles’ agora of Athens flourished under Macedonian control. After Macedon was defeated by Rome, the Romans added to the district even before Greece was taken as a province and more so afterwards. The Roman version of the agora continued...

A Roman Antoninianus coin from the reign of Marcus Julius Philipus, otherwise known as Philip the Arab, r. 244-249 CE.

Philip V of Macedon, 221–179 BCE, coin in British Museum.

A marble portrait bust of Philip V of Macedon r. 220-179 BCE. A 2nd century CE Roman copy of a Greek original. (Palazzo Massimo, Rome)

Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560), German theologian and prominent figure of the Protestant Reformation, print by Lucas Cranach the Younger, c. 1561. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

A bust of a warrior, sometimes identified as Philip V of Macedon (238–179 BCE). Roman copy made c. 220 - 179 BCE, after a Pergamene original made c. 200 BCE. Found near the River Tiber, Rome. From the National Roman Museum -Palazzo Massimo...

Portrait of Philip I of Hesse (l. 1504-1567) as a young man, c. 1560.