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Tiara of Pope Pius IX
Image by Unknown Photographer

Tiara of Pope Pius IX

The tiara of Pope Pius IX (in office 1846-1878). Made in 1854. Made of a trio of gold crowns set with diamonds, emeralds, sapphires, pearls, and other jewels around a silver-thread fabric. It measures 35 cm (13.7 in) in height and diameter...
Physical Examination of a New Pope
Image by Unknown Artist

Physical Examination of a New Pope

A 1645 illustration showing a cardinal checking that Pope Innocent X (in office 1644-55) is indeed a man.
Pope Joan Giving Birth
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Pope Joan Giving Birth

A c. 1450 illustration showing Pope Joan giving birth during a procession. Pope Joan was a legendary female pope of the Middle Ages said to have reigned from 855 to 858. Her existence is disputed. (Spencer Collection)
Pope Joan
Image by Unknown Artist

Pope Joan

A 15-16th century manuscript illustration of Pope Joan, a legendary female pope of the Middle Ages said to have reigned from 855 to 858. Her existence is disputed. (Bibliothèque nationale de France).
Caesarion
Definition by Arienne King

Caesarion

Ptolemy XV Caesar “Theos Philopator Philometor” (“the Father-loving Mother-loving God”) (c. 47-30 BCE), better known by his unofficial nickname Caesarion or “Little Caesar” in Greek, was the oldest son of Cleopatra VII (69-30 BCE) and was...
Thomas Becket
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Thomas Becket

Thomas Becket (aka Thomas á Becket) was chancellor to Henry II of England (r. 1154-1189) and then archbishop of Canterbury (1162 to 1170). Thomas repeatedly clashed with his sovereign over the relationship between the Crown and Church, particularly...
Johann Tetzel
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Johann Tetzel

Johann Tetzel (l.c. 1465-1519) was a Dominican Friar who became famous as one of the most effective indulgence salesmen and who inadvertently inspired the Protestant Reformation when Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546) wrote his 95 Theses protesting...
Pope Urban II
Image by Muskiprozz

Pope Urban II

A statue of Pope Urban II (r. 1088-1099 CE) who called for the First Crusade (1095-1202 CE). Clermont-Ferrand, France.
Pope Innocent III & the Albigensian Crusade
Image by Unknown Artist

Pope Innocent III & the Albigensian Crusade

A medieval manuscript illustration showing Pope Innocent III (r. 1198-1216 CE) and the crusaders of the Albigensian Crusade in southern France (1209-1229 CE). (Chronicles of Saint-Denis, British Library, London)
Pope Gregory VII, Pitigliano Cathedral
Image by Detunedweirdo

Pope Gregory VII, Pitigliano Cathedral

Stained glass window of Pope Gregory VII (1015-1085) at the Pitigliano Cathedral, Italy.
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