Pope Julius II: Did you mean...?

A 1775 portrait by Pompeo Batoni of Pope Pius VI (r. 1775-99). (National Gallery of Ireland)

Statue of St. Gregory the Great in the Oratory of St. Barbara on the Caelian Hill, Rome.

The medieval indulgence was a writ offered by the Church, for money, guaranteeing the remission of sin, and its abuse was the spark that inspired Martin Luther's 95 Theses. Luther (l. 1483-1546) claimed the sale of indulgences was unbiblical...

Pope Francis is facing calls to rescind a centuries-old policy called the ‘Doctrine of Discovery,’ stemming from a series of edicts, known as papal bulls, dating back to the 15th century, which states that white European nations "discovered"...

The Roman imperial cult was the practice of venerating Roman emperors and their families as having divine attributes, honoring their contributions to the spread of Roman religion and culture. It was instituted by the first Roman emperor Augustus...

A photorealistic representation of Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE) as he may have appeared in life. This reconstruction is based on archaeological evidence including bust, coinage, and descriptions of Julius Caesar in historical accounts. Contemporary...

The Northern or Baltic Crusades were military campaigns organised by popes and western rulers to convert pagans to Christianity in the 12th to 15th century. Unlike in the Holy Land, where military campaigns were aimed at liberating former...

A map illustrating the last years of the Roman Republic and the chronology and landscape of the four-year-long Civil War (49 - 45 BCE) that started with Julius Caesar crossing the river Rubicon into Italy and ended on the plains outside Munda...

Bronze sculpture of Julius Caesar in Rimini, Italy. 1933 CE.

The "Tusculum portrait", one of two surviving busts of Julius Caesar made during his lifetime.