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Definition
English Reformation
The English Reformation began with Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE) and continued in stages over the rest of the 16th century CE. The process witnessed the break away from the Catholic Church headed by the Pope in Rome. The Protestant...

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Bust of Julius Caesar
The "Tusculum portrait", one of two surviving busts of Julius Caesar made during his lifetime.

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Julius Caesar
Bronze sculpture of Julius Caesar in Rimini, Italy. 1933 CE.

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Doctrine of Discovery: What Is It and Why is Pope Francis Being Asked to Denounce It?
Pope Francis is facing calls to rescind a centuries-old policy called the ‘Doctrine of Discovery,’ stemming from a series of edicts, known as papal bulls, dating back to the 15th century, which states that white European nations "discovered"...

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The Death of Julius Caesar
The death opf Julius Caesar as depicted by Vincenzo Cammuccini, 1804-5 CE. (National Art Gallery, Moderna, Italy)

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Julius Caesar Reconstruction
A realistic approach in recreating Julius Caesar (100-44 BCE) by studying posthumous and contemporary statues and busts. Made using Artbreeder, an AI neural network.

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Denarius of Julius Caesar with Elephant
Silver denarius of Julius Caesar. The coin depicts an elephant stepping on a snake with the legend "CAESAR" written below. The coin may reference his victory at the Battle of Thapsus in 49 BCE, where he defeated Roman and Numidian forces...

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Drusus Julius Caesar
Drusus Julius Caesar (Drusus the Younger) was was the only child of Roman Emperor Tiberius and his first wife, Vipsania Agrippina. He was also a maternal cousin of the Caligula, a paternal cousin of Claudius and a second cousin of Nero...

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Possible Bust of Julius Caesar
This marble bust discovered in the Rhône River, near Arles, is debated as a possible portrait of Julius Caesar, Musée de l’Arles antique.

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Coin of Julius Caesar with Elephant
A silver denarius of Julius Caesar depicting an elephant commemorating his victory over the Gauls and Germanic tribes in 58 BCE. (Archaeological Museum, Tarragona, Spain)