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English Reformation
Definition by Mark Cartwright

English Reformation

The English Reformation began with Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE) and continued in stages over the rest of the 16th century CE. The process witnessed the break away from the Catholic Church headed by the Pope in Rome. The Protestant...
History in Five: The Death of Julius Caesar
Video by Simon & Schuster

History in Five: The Death of Julius Caesar

Historian Barry Strauss, author of 'The Death of Caesar,' explores the political, military, and social motivations behind history's most famous murder.
Unam Sanctam: Spiritual Authority & the Medieval Church
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Unam Sanctam: Spiritual Authority & the Medieval Church

The Unam Sanctam (1302) was a papal bull issued by Pope Boniface VIII (served 1294-1303) requiring the complete submission of all people, including kings, to the authority and dictates of the pope. As the Church was understood as holding...
Council of Trent
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Council of Trent

The Council of Trent (1545-1563) was a meeting of Catholic clerics convened by Pope Paul III (served 1534-1549) in response to the Protestant Reformation. In three separate sessions, the council reaffirmed the authority of the Catholic Church...
Protestant Reformation
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Protestant Reformation

The Protestant Reformation (1517-1648) refers to the widespread religious, cultural, and social upheaval of 16th-century Europe that broke the hold of the medieval Church, allowing for the development of personal interpretations of the Christian...
Beware the Ides of March! Death of Julius Caesar & Living History! Ancient Rome Live
Video by American Institute for Roman Culture

Beware the Ides of March! Death of Julius Caesar & Living History! Ancient Rome Live

The Ides of March is one of the most important dates in Roman history. Watch this incredible dramatic production by Gruppo Storico Romano (Ides of March 2015) in the Republican era Largo Argentina temples precinct, physically next to the...
Medieval Indulgence & Martin Luther
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Medieval Indulgence & Martin Luther

The medieval indulgence was a writ offered by the Church, for money, guaranteeing the remission of sin, and its abuse was the spark that inspired Martin Luther's 95 Theses. Luther (l. 1483-1546) claimed the sale of indulgences was unbiblical...
Knights Templar
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Knights Templar

The Knights Templar were established c. 1119 and given papal recognition in 1129. It was a Catholic medieval military order whose members combined martial prowess with a monastic life to defend Christian holy sites and pilgrims in the Middle...
Northern Crusades
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Northern Crusades

The Northern or Baltic Crusades were military campaigns organised by popes and western rulers to convert pagans to Christianity in the 12th to 15th century. Unlike in the Holy Land, where military campaigns were aimed at liberating former...
Raphael
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Raphael

Raphael (1483-1520) was an Italian painter and architect who is regarded as one of the greatest of Renaissance artists alongside Michelangelo (1475-1564) and Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519). Raphael's works are celebrated for their harmonious...
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