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Definition
Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation (1517-1648) refers to the widespread religious, cultural, and social upheaval of 16th-century Europe that broke the hold of the medieval Church, allowing for the development of personal interpretations of the Christian...
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Pope Julius II by Raphael
A portrait of Pope Julius II (r. 1503-1513 CE) by the Italian Renaissance artist Raphael, c. 1512 CE. (National Gallery London)
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Tiara of Pope Pius IX
The tiara of Pope Pius IX (in office 1846-1878). Made in 1854. Made of a trio of gold crowns set with diamonds, emeralds, sapphires, pearls, and other jewels around a silver-thread fabric. It measures 35 cm (13.7 in) in height and diameter...
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Physical Examination of a New Pope
A 1645 illustration showing a cardinal checking that Pope Innocent X (in office 1644-55) is indeed a man.
Definition
Fifth Crusade
The Fifth Crusade (1217-1221 CE) was called by Pope Innocent III (r. 1198-1216 CE) with the objective, like previous crusades, of recapturing Jerusalem from Muslim control; only this time the strategy was to weaken the enemy by first attacking...
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Leo Lesquereux
Leo Lesquereux, 19th-century paleobotanist, image by an unknown artist, published in Popular Science Monthly April 1887.
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The History and Description of Africa by Leo Africanus
An early title page from The History and Description of Africa by Leo Africanus (1485-1554), first published in 1526.
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Portrait of a Humanist: Leo Africanus
Portrait of a Humanist by Sebastiano del Piombo c. 1520. The identity of the person is unknown. Dietrich Rauchenberger has suggested that the painting may depict Leo Africanus (1485-1554).
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Leo Africanus as Shakespeare's Othello
Many scholars, without concrete evidence, believe that Leo Africanus 1485-1554 was the inspiration behind William Shakespeare’s Othello, shown here with Desdemona in an 1849 painting by Théodore Chassériau, currently in the Louvre Museum...
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Leo III & Constantine V
A gold solidus coin depicting Constantine V, emperor of the Byzantine empire between 741 and 775 CE (right) and Leo III (r. 685-741 CE)
