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Reformation in Germany
Image by Eikon Film and NFP Teleart

Reformation in Germany

Joseph Fiennes as Martin Luther (1483-1546) in Luther (2003). Image credit: Eikon Film and NFP Teleart.
Sextus Empiricus
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Sextus Empiricus

Sextus Empiricus (l. c. 160 to c. 210 CE) was a Greek Skeptic who developed the ideas of the earlier Greek Skeptic philosopher Pyrrho of Elis (l. c. 360 to c. 270 BCE) who claimed that tranquility of mind was attainable by suspending judgment...
Canons of the Council of Trent
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Canons of the Council of Trent

The Canons of the Council of Trent (1545-1563) were rules one was expected to follow in order to be a member of the Catholic Church and, according to the Church's teachings, merit the grace of God and eternal life in heaven after death. The...
Olympia Fulvia Morata
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Olympia Fulvia Morata

Olympia Fulvia Morata (l. 1526-1555, also given as Olimpia) was an Italian scholar, poet, and writer who sought to advance the Protestant Reformation in Italy. She was considered one of the greatest classical scholars of her time but was...
Protestant Reformation in Switzerland
Image by Ascot Elite Entertainment Group

Protestant Reformation in Switzerland

The Protestant Reformation in Switzerland as portrayed in the movie Zwingli (2019). © Ascot Elite Entertainment Group
Marie Dentière's A Very Useful Epistle
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Marie Dentière's A Very Useful Epistle

A Very Useful Epistle (Epistre tres utile, 1539) is an open letter by the female reformer Marie Dentière (l. c. 1495-1561) to Marguerite of Navarre (l. 1492-1549) advocating for a greater role for women in the work of the Protestant Reformation...
Reformation & Consequences: Crash Course European History #7
Video by CrashCourse

Reformation & Consequences: Crash Course European History #7

The Protestant Reformation didn't exactly begin with Martin Luther, and it didn't end with him either. Reformers and monarchs changed the ways that religious and state power were organized throughout the 16th and early 17th centuries. Jean...
Huldrych Zwingli
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Huldrych Zwingli

Huldrych Zwingli (l. 1484-1531) was a Swiss priest who became the leader of the Protestant Reformation in the region at the same time Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546) was active in Germany. Zwingli is known as the 'third man of the Reformation'...
Autobiography of Saint Ignatius of Loyola
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Autobiography of Saint Ignatius of Loyola

The Autobiography of Saint Ignatius is the story of the life of Ignatius of Loyola (l. 1491-1556) dictated by him to the Jesuit priest Father Louis Gonzalez between 1553-1555, shortly before Loyola's death in 1556. It is an account of his...
Ignatius Loyola and the Catholic Reformation
Video by Ryan Reeves

Ignatius Loyola and the Catholic Reformation

After the Reformation, the Roman Catholic Church began to reform some of its abuses. The Catholic Reformation, though, was not only a reaction to Protestantism, but also a flowering of Roman Catholic practice. Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits...
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