Richard I: Did you mean...?

The knights of medieval Europe were meant to be the finest fighting men of their age, even more important, they were expected to be pure in thought and deed, as exemplified in the chivalrous code which they (usually) followed. Here are the...

The skeleton identified by researchers from the University of Leicester as that of Richard III of England (r. 1483-1485 CE). The skeleton was excavated from the ruins of Greyfriars Abbey, then beneath a car park in Leicester in 2012 CE. (Image...

Official coin of King Richard I Lionheart (reigned 1189-1199 CE), struck in 1195 CE in Issoudun (formerly Exoldunum). The obverse is inscribed RICARD'REX ("KING RICHARD"). The reverse reverse is inscribed EXOLDUNI ("FROM ISSOUDUN"). (British...

Poor Richard, 1739. An Almanack for the Year of Christ 1739, written by Benjamin Franklin under the pseudonym Richard Saunders, 1739. Library of Congress, Washington D.C.

King John of England (aka John Lackland) ruled from 1199 to 1216 CE and he has gone down in history as one of the very worst of English kings, both for his character and his failures. He lost the Angevin-Plantagenet lands in France and so...

John Paul Jones (1747-1792) was a Scottish-born sailor who served in the Continental Navy during the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783). His raid on the English port town of Whitehaven in 1778 and his victory over the HMS Serapis the...

A detail of a 19th century CE painting by Merry-Joseph Blondel of the English king Richard I of England, the 'Lionheart' (r. 1189-1199 CE). (Palace of Versailles, France)

A 15th century CE medieval manuscript illustration showing Richard II of England (r. 1377-1399 CE) meeting the rebels of the 1381 CE Peasants' Revolt in London. (National Library of France, Paris)

A stained glass window showing the two rivals for the throne of England at the end of the Wars of the Roses (1455-1487 CE). In 1485 CE at the Battle of Bosworth, Richard III of England (r. 1483-85 CE) was defeated and killed while the victor...

The mythical coat of arms and white hart symbol of Richard II of England (r. 1377-1399 CE). From the back of the Wilton diptych, a painted panel created c. 1395-99 CE. (National Gallery, London)