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The Causes of WWII
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Causes of WWII

The origins of the Second World War (1939-45) may be traced back to the harsh peace settlement of the First World War (1914-18) and the economic crisis of the 1930s, while more immediate causes were the aggressive invasions of their neighbours...
Europe After World War II (1945 to c. 1989)
Image by Simeon Netchev

Europe After World War II (1945 to c. 1989)

This map illustrates the realities in Europe after the Second World War (1939-45), as the continent was divided between the Western bloc, backed by the United States, and the Eastern bloc, controlled by the Soviet Union. To rebuild Western...
Bleeding Kansas
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Bleeding Kansas - Dress Rehearsal for the American Civil War

Bleeding Kansas' was a term coined by the New York Tribune in 1856, referring to the escalating hostilities in the Kansas Territory between pro-slavery activists and anti-slavery 'free staters' following the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska...
Shengavit
Definition by James Blake Wiener

Shengavit

The Shengavit archaeological site is an ancient settlement occupied from c. 3500 - c. 2200 BCE and is located in a southern suburb of what is presently Yerevan, Armenia. The site is nearly 3 hectares (7 acres) in size - it was originally...
Ten Juneteenth Myths
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Ten Juneteenth Myths

The celebration of Juneteenth – originally known as "Freedom Day" – began on 1 January 1866 in Texas and, since then, a number of myths have grown up around the event it commemorates: the issuance of General Order No. 3 in Galveston Texas...
Anne, Queen of Great Britain
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Anne, Queen of Great Britain

Anne reigned as Queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland from 1702 and then, following the 1707 Act of Union, over a united kingdom as Queen of Great Britain until her death in 1714. The last of the Stuart monarchs, Anne's reign witnessed...
George Washington's Farewell Address
Article by Harrison W. Mark

George Washington's Farewell Address

George Washington's Farewell Address was published in a Philadelphia newspaper on 19 September 1796, near the end of his second and final presidential term. In it, Washington explains his reasoning for not seeking a third term and warns his...
Kappel Wars
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Kappel Wars

The Kappel Wars (also known as the Wars of Kappel) were armed conflicts between Protestants and Catholics in Switzerland during the Swiss Reformation. The First Kappel War ended before it began in 1529, while the second, in 1531, concluded...
Bloody Sunday in 1905
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Bloody Sunday in 1905 - The Massacre at the Tsar's Winter Palace

Bloody Sunday on 22 January 1905 was the massacre of peaceful and unarmed protestors by soldiers outside the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, Russia. The crowd of workers and their families were led by Father Georgy Gapon (1870-1906), who...
Hitler's Occupation of Czechoslovakia
Article by Mark Cartwright

Hitler's Occupation of Czechoslovakia

Throughout 1938, Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), the leader of Nazi Germany, threatened to occupy the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. The excuse presented was that Sudeten Germans were being repressed but Hitler was intent on creating a 'Greater...
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