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Continuity and Change after the Fall of the Roman Empire
The cataclysmic end of the Roman Empire in the West has tended to mask the underlying features of continuity. The map of Europe in the year 500 would have been unrecognizable to anyone living a hundred years earlier. Gone was the solid boundary...
Definition
Iranian Revolution
The Iranian Revolution (1978-1979) was the social movement that arose from widespread and diverse discontent with the monarchic government of Iran. The revolution was fought against the regime of Mohammad Reza Shah (r. 1941-1979), and it...
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Raising a Flag over the Reichstag
A photograph known as "Raising the Flag over the Reichstag" shows troops of the USSR's Red Army raising the Soviet flag over Berlin on 30 April 1945 near the end of the Second World War (1939-45). The photo was actually censored since one...
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Burial Blocks at Lchashen in Armenia
Lchashen is a rich archaeological site in Armenia with Bronze Age burial crypts, cuneiform inscriptions, an Iron Age fortress, and a medieval church. Over 800 ancient burial sites have been discovered in the area since the 1950s. In this...
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Europe on the Eve of WWII, 1939
A map illustrating the growing instability in Europe in the lead-up to World War II, capturing the aggressive territorial expansion of Nazi Germany and the failure of appeasement. Between 1935 and 1939, a series of bold geopolitical moves...
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Totalitarian Regimes in Europe in 1939
This map illustrates the geopolitical situation in Europe in the lead-up to the Second World War (1939-45) as authoritarianism and totalitarianism were on the rise across the continent, fueled by political instability, economic crises, and...
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Vasily Sokolovsky
A 1945 photograph of the Soviet Union's Red Army Marshal Vasily Sokolovsky (1897-1968).
Definition
Council of Chalcedon
The Council of Chalcedon was called in 451 CE by the Roman Emperor Marcian (r. 450-457) to settle debates regarding the nature (hypostases, "reality") of Christ that had begun at two earlier meetings in Ephesus (431 CE and 439 CE). The question...
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Original Flag of the English East India Company
The original flag of the English East India Company (EIC), founded in 1600 by royal charter. The company later changed its name to the British East India Company and so the cross of St. George in the top right corner was replaced by a Union...
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Solar System by Kornmesser
An illustration of the solar system by Martin Kornmesser. From The International Astronomical Union.
