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Portrait of Samuel Adams
Image by John Singleton Copley

Portrait of Samuel Adams

Portrait of Samuel Adams (1722-1803) a politician from Massachusetts and an American Founding Father. Oil on canvas portrait by John Singleton Copley, c. 1772. Museum of Fine Arts Boston.
Molasses
Image by Badagnani

Molasses

Image of blackstrap molasses, produced in Paraguay. Picture by Wikipedia user Badagnani, May 2008.
George Grenville
Image by William Hoare

George Grenville

George Grenville (1712-1770), Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1763 to 1765. Oil on canvas portrait by William Hoare, 1764. Christ Church, Oxford.
Mali Empire
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Mali Empire

The Mali Empire (1240-1645) of West Africa was founded by Sundiata Keita (r. 1230-1255) following his victory over the kingdom of Sosso (c. 1180-1235). Sundiata's centralised government, diplomacy and well-trained army permitted a massive...
Songhai Empire
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Songhai Empire

The Songhai Empire (aka Songhay, c. 1460 - c. 1591) covered what is today southern Mauritania and Mali. It replaced the Mali Empire (1240-1645) as the most important state in West Africa. Originating as a smaller kingdom along the eastern...
Song Dynasty
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Song Dynasty

The Song (aka Sung) dynasty ruled China from 960 to 1279 CE with the reign split into two periods: the Northern Song (960-1125 CE) and Southern Song (1125-1279 CE). The Northern Song ruled a largely united China from their capital at Kaifeng...
Encomienda
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Encomienda

The encomienda was a system where Spanish adventurers and settlers were granted the legal right to extract forced labour from indigenous tribal chiefs in the Americas colonies of the Spanish Empire. In return, the Europeans were expected...
East India Company
Definition by Mark Cartwright

East India Company

The English East India Company (EIC or EEIC), later to become the British East India Company, was founded in 1600 as a trading company. With a massive private army and the backing of the British government, the EIC looted the Indian subcontinent...
Golden Age of Piracy
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Golden Age of Piracy

The Golden Age of Piracy (1690-1730) refers to a period when robbery on the high seas and at colonial ports reached an unprecedented level. Although not all historians agree on the precise time frame, it is generally applied to those pirates...
Dutch East India Company
Definition by Kim Martins

Dutch East India Company

The Dutch East India Company (VOC) was formed in 1602 by the Staten-Generaal (States General) of the then Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. The company was granted a 21-year charter with rights to trade exclusively in Asia and to...
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