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Trade Unions in the British Industrial Revolution
Trade unions were formed in Britain during the Industrial Revolution (1760-1840) to protect workers from unnecessary risks using dangerous machines, unhealthy working conditions, and excessive hours of work. The trade union movement was vigorously...

Article
The Gold Trade of Ancient & Medieval West Africa
West Africa was one of the world's greatest producers of gold in the Middle Ages. Trade in the metal went back to antiquity but when the camel caravans of the Sahara linked North Africa to the savannah interior, the trade really took off...

Article
Trade in the Byzantine Empire
Trade and commerce were essential components of the success and expansion of the Byzantine Empire. Trade was carried out by ship over vast distances, although for safety, most sailing vessels were restricted to the better weather conditions...

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The Brouwer Route
The Dutch East India Company's favoured route from Europe to southeast Asia was known as the Brouwer Route. It was discovered by Dutch explorer Hendrik Brouwer (c. 1581-1643) in 1611 and halved the sailing time from the Netherlands to the...

Article
Etruscan Trade
The Etruscan civilization flourished in central Italy between the 8th and 3rd century BCE, and their prosperity was largely based on their exploitation of local mineral resources, both through manufactured goods and trade. The Etruscans exchanged...

Article
Carthaginian Trade
The Carthaginians, like their Phoenician forefathers, were highly successful traders who sailed the Mediterranean with their goods, and such was their success that Carthage became the richest city in the ancient world. Metals, foodstuffs...

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Map Showing William Dampier's 1699 Expedition Route
Map showing William Dampier's expedition along the west and northwest coast of New Holland (Australia) and the coasts of Timor, New Guinea and New Britain in 1699 aboard the HMS Roebuck.

Teaching Material
Phoenician Maritime Trade and Cultural Exchange
This lesson plan has two parts. During the first part, students will watch a video introducing the Phoenicians and answer the questions on Worksheet #1. In the second part, students will participate in a trading simulation activity which...

Article
The Dutch Discovery of Australia
17th-century Dutch East India Company (Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie or VOC) navigators were the first Europeans to set foot on Australian soil. Although there is a strong theory that the Portuguese explorer, Cristóvão de Mendonça (1475-1532...

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John Cabot's Route to Newfoundland
The Italian explorer John Cabot (aka Giovanni Caboto, c. 1450 - c. 1498 CE) sailed from England to eastern Canada in 1497 CE. His exact route and points of exploration are unclear and the map is therefore only an approximate guide.