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Roman Emperor Philip the Arab
Marble head of Roman Emperor Philip the Arab, from Rome, 244-249 CE. (Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen)

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Philip the Arab (Artistic Facial Reconstruction)
A photorealistic representation of what the Roman emperor Philip the Arab (r. 244-249 CE) may have looked like. Based on contemporary and near contemporary descriptions, as well as archaeological evidence. Pictured alongside the reconstruction...

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Review of Arab Prisoners, Assyrian Relief
Assyrian relief, from the Central Palace at Nimrud (ancient Kalhu), Mesopotamia, Iraq, Neo-Assyrian Empire, c. 728 BCE. This is part of a series of reliefs showing Arab prisoners brought before the Assyrian King Tiglath-Pileser III (r. 744-727...

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Captured Camels from Arab Enemies of Tiglath-pileser III
The woman on the left and the herd of camels behind her are part of a procession of prisoners and booty captured during one of the military campaigns of Tiglath-pileser III (reigned 744-727 BCE) against Arab enemies. Assyrian, about 728 BCE...

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Captured Flocks from Arab Enemies of Tiglath-pileser III
Sheep and goats, captured in a campaign against the Arabs are driven back to the Assyrian camp. This scene decorated the palace of King Tiglath-pileser III (reigned 744-727 BCE. Assyrian, about 728 BCE. From the Central Palace at Nimrud (ancient...

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Treaty of Paris of 1783
The Treaty of Paris, signed on 3 September 1783 by representatives from Great Britain and the United States, was the peace agreement that formally ended the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) and recognized the United States as an independent...

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United States Expansion after the Treaty of Paris in 1783
A map illustrating the expansion of the United States of America following the Treaty of Paris (September 3, 1783), which ended the War of the American Revolution, recognized U.S. independence, and granted it sizeable additional territory...

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Westward Exploration and Settlement of the United States c.1850
A map illustrating the patterns and routes of westward exploration and settlement in the United States after the “Louisiana Purchase” from France in 1803. As Napoleonic dreams of a great North American Empire gave way to French hegemonic...

Definition
Yazdegerd III
Yazdegerd III (r. 632-651) was the last monarch of the Sassanian Empire (224-651), ruling – or attempting to rule – amidst the chaos of its final decline and fall to the invading Muslim Arabs. He was the son of the prince Shahriyar (d. 628...

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Map of the United States, 1874
A map of the United States, showing each of its states, published by D.G. Beers & Co. in 1874.
From the Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, The New York Public Library.