Year of the Four Emperors: Did you mean...?

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Vespasian (Artistic Facial Reconstruction)
Image by Daniel Voshart

Vespasian (Artistic Facial Reconstruction)

A photorealistic representation of what the Roman emperor Vespasian (r. 69-79 CE) may have looked like. Pictured alongside the reconstruction are the artworks and statuary used as references. From left to right and top to bottom, these are...
Otho (Artistic Facial Reconstruction)
Image by Daniel Voshart

Otho (Artistic Facial Reconstruction)

A photorealistic representation of what the Roman emperor Otho (r. 69 CE) may have looked like. Pictured alongside the reconstruction are the busts and artwork used as references. From left to right and top to bottom these are the Louvre...
Galba (Artistic Facial Reconstruction)
Image by Daniel Voshart

Galba (Artistic Facial Reconstruction)

A photorealistic representation of what the Roman emperor Galba (r. 68-69 CE) may have looked like. Pictured alongside the reconstruction are the Capitoline bust of Galba and the bust from the Stockholm Museum of Antiquities, used as references...
Vitellius (Artistic Facial Reconstruction)
Image by Daniel Voshart

Vitellius (Artistic Facial Reconstruction)

A photorealistic representation of what the Roman emperor Vitellius (r. 69 CE) may have looked like. Pictured alongside the reconstruction are the artworks and statuary used as references. From left to right and top to bottom are the Louvre...
A Gallery of Norse Gods & Yule Traditions
Image Gallery by Joshua J. Mark

A Gallery of Norse Gods & Yule Traditions

The Norse tradition of celebrating Yule (Yuletide=Yule Time) influenced many of the later traditions now associated with Christmas. "Yuletide" appears in Christmas carols, is often used interchangeably with "Christmas", and many still celebrate...
A Gallery of Religious Festivals from Around the World
Collection by Joshua J. Mark

A Gallery of Religious Festivals from Around the World

Religious festivals have featured as a central aspect of civilization for thousands of years, the earliest thought to be celebrations of the New Year and the concept of rebirth and new beginnings that accompanied it. The first such festival...
The Dragon in Ancient China
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Dragon in Ancient China

Dragons appear in the mythology of many ancient cultures but nowhere else in the world was the creature quite so revered as in China. There, in marked contrast to other world mythologies, the dragon was almost always seen in a positive light...
Decius
Definition by Donald L. Wasson

Decius

Decius was Roman emperor from 249 to 251 CE. In 249 CE Roman emperor Philip the Arab sent senator Decius to be the governor of the troubled provinces of Moesia and Pannonia. Roman legions under the ineffective command of the governor there...
Cniva
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Cniva

Cniva (also given as Kniva, c. 250 CE to possibly 270 CE) was the king of the Goths who defeated Emperor Decius (249-251 CE) at the Battle of Abritus in 251 CE. Little is known of him other than his campaign in 251 CE, in which he successfully...
Postumus
Definition by Donald L. Wasson

Postumus

Postumus was Roman emperor from 260 to 269 CE. Marcus Cassianus Latinius Postumus was a trusted military commander of Emperor Gallienus (253-268 CE) and governor or Germania Superior and Inferior (Upper and Lower Germany). After the death...
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