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Islam
Definition by Syed Muhammad Khan

Islam

Islam is an Abrahamic-monotheistic religion based upon the teachings of Prophet Muhammad ibn Abdullah (l. 570-632 CE, after whose name Muslims traditionally add “peace be upon him” or, in writing, PBUH). Alongside Christianity and Judaism...
Umayyad Dynasty
Definition by Syed Muhammad Khan

Umayyad Dynasty

The Umayyad Dynasty (661-750 CE), the first dynasty to take the title of Caliphate, was established in 661 CE by Muawiya (l. c. 602-680 CE), who had served as the governor of Syria under the Rashidun Caliphate, after the death of the fourth...
The Silk Road at Its Height in the Late 8th Century
Image by Simeon Netchev

The Silk Road at Its Height in the Late 8th Century

This map illustrates the Silk Road in the late 8th century, a vast network connecting Tang China, Central Asia, the Islamic world, and Europe. More than just a silk route, it enabled the exchange of luxury goods, technologies, and religions...
Gold Dinar of Al-Mansur
Image by DrFO.Jr.Tn

Gold Dinar of Al-Mansur

Dinar (gold coins) minted in the reign of al-Mansur (r. 754-775 CE) of the Abbasid dynasty (750-1258 CE).
Gold Dinar of Al-Mahdi
Image by DrFO.Jr.Tn

Gold Dinar of Al-Mahdi

Dinar (gold coin) minted in 783 CE, during the reign of al-Mahdi (r. 755-785 CE) of the Abbasid dynasty (750-1258 CE).
Ilkhanate
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Ilkhanate

The Ilkhanate (or Ilqanate, 1260-1335 CE) was that part of the Mongol Empire (1206-1368 CE) which mostly covered what is today Iran and parts of Turkmenistan, Turkey, Iraq, Armenia, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. Established by the Mongol general...
Ferdowsi
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Ferdowsi

Abolqasem Ferdowsi (l. c. 940-1020 CE, also given as Abul-Qasem Ferdowsi Tusi, Firdawsi, Firdausi) is the author of the Shahnameh (The Persian Book of Kings), one of the greatest works of world literature and the national epic of Iran. He...
City Plan of Medieval Baghdad
Image by William Muir

City Plan of Medieval Baghdad

This map shows the layout of the Abbasid capital of Baghdad from 767 to 912 CE (it was subjected to changes with time), situated in modern day Iraq. The basic structure was circular.
Harun al-Rashid
Image by Unknown

Harun al-Rashid

A 16th Century CE painting of Harun al-Rashid (r. 786 - 809 CE), caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate.
As-Saffah Being Proclaimed Caliph
Image by Muhammad Bal'ami

As-Saffah Being Proclaimed Caliph

Folio from a manuscript of the Tarikhnama (Persian: "Book of History") by Muhammad Bal'ami (10th Century CE). The folio depicts As-Saffah (r. 750 - 754 CE), founder of the Abbasid Caliphate, being proclaimed caliph. Likely made in Iraq...
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