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Enryakuji
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Enryakuji

The Enryakuji is a Buddhist monastic complex on the sacred Mt. Hiei, near Kyoto, Japan. The site was selected by the monk Saicho to become the headquarters of the Tendai sect, which he founded in Japan in the early 9th century CE. Enryakuji...
Ancient Greek Inventions
Article by Mark Cartwright

Ancient Greek Inventions

The ancient Greeks are often credited with building the foundations upon which all western cultures are built, and this impressive accolade stems from their innovative contributions to a wide range of human activities, from sports to medicine...
Parisian Salons & the Enlightenment
Article by Mark Cartwright

Parisian Salons & the Enlightenment

The salon was a notably French cultural event, a private social gathering where a mixture of guests openly discussed art, literature, philosophy, music, and politics. Salons were particularly but not exclusively associated with Paris and...
The Sun & the Moon in Norse Myth
Article by Irina-Maria Manea

The Sun & the Moon in Norse Myth

In Norse mythology, the Sun and the Moon appear as personified siblings pulling the heavenly bodies and chased by wolves, or as plain objects. Written sources, such as the Poetic Edda and the Prose Edda, have surprisingly little to say about...
Celtic Bronze Shields
Article by Mark Cartwright

Celtic Bronze Shields

The ancient Celts produced magnificent bronze shields in Iron Age Britain which were most likely for ceremonial purposes and display. Several fine examples have miraculously survived as evidence of the imagination, skill, and artistry of...
Müntzer's Vindication and Refutation
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Müntzer's Vindication and Refutation

The Vindication and Refutation of Thomas Müntzer (l. c. 1489-1525) is a 1524 open letter to Jesus Christ, Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546), and the Christian community charging Luther with hypocrisy, betraying his original vision to win support...
Reconstruction of the Hochdorf Chieftain's Grave
Image by Magnus Hagdorn

Reconstruction of the Hochdorf Chieftain's Grave

A reconstruction of an Iron Age grave from Hochdorf an der Enz in Baden-Württemberg, Germany. This burial mound is associated with the Hallstatt Culture, and the man interred is believed to have been a Celtic "prince" or chieftain. The grave...
Strettweg Cult Wagon
Image by Thilo Parg

Strettweg Cult Wagon

The Strettweg Cult Wagon. This bronze work, which dates to the 6th century BCE, was found in a tomb in Steiermark, Austria and is a fine example of the Celtic love of small figurines. The larger central figure is female and she supports a...
Throne Dais of Shalmaneser III [South-West Re-entrant, S. Face]
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Throne Dais of Shalmaneser III [South-West Re-entrant, S. Face]

This scene is part of a long tributary one where the Shalmaneser III (r. 858-824 BCE) receives Chaldean tribute from Musallim-Marduk, son of Ukani. On this panel, there are seven figures. The leading figure of the procession carries no...
Bronze Bull Head from Urartu
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Bronze Bull Head from Urartu

This is a bronze head of a winged bull, from a handle of a large cauldron. 8th to 7th centuries BCE, Urartian. From Toprakkale, modern-day Turkey. (The British Museum, London)
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